CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Paper 7 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Paper 7.
CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 History Paper 7
Board | CBSE |
Class | XII |
Subject | History |
Sample Paper Set | Paper 7 |
Category | CBSE Sample Papers |
Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 7 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 History is given below with free PDF download solutions.
Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70
General Instructions
(i) The paper consists of 3 parts: A, B, C
(ii) Attempt all the questions.
(iii) Don’t write anything on the question paper.
(iv) Read each question carefully and follow the given instructions.
(v) All the answers must be correctly numbered and written in the answer sheet provided to you.
(vi) Strictly adhere to the word limit given in the question-paper. Marks will be deducted for exceeding the word limit.
(vii) Ensure that questions of each section are answered together.
PART – A
Answer all the questions given below:
Question 1:
“The burials in Harappan sites reveal the economic and social differences amongst the people living within a particular culture.” Give two evidences in support of your answer.
Question 2:
Examine why Bernier was against the idea of crown ownership of land in Mughal India.
Question 3:
Why were many Zamindaris auctioned after the Permanent Settlement in Bengal? Give two reasons.
PART – B
Section – I
Answer any five of the following questions :
Question 4:
What evidences have been put forward to explain the collapse of the Harappan Civilization ?
Question 5:
Explain the sources used by historians to reconstruct the history of Mauryan Empire.
Question 6:
‘Kabir was and is to the present a source of inspiration for those who questioned entrenched social institutions and ideas in their search for divine.’ Explain.
Question 7:
“The nobility was recruited consciously by the Mughal rulers from diverse ethnic and religious groups.” Justify.
Question 8:
Examine the circumstances that led to the passing of ‘Limitation Laws’ by the British in 1859.
Question9:
Highlight the measures taken to ensure unity among the rebels of 1857.
Section – II
Question 10:
Read the following passage and answer the question that follows :
“For the success of democracy one must train oneself in the art of self discipline. In democracies one should care less for himself and more for others. There can’t be any divided loyalty. All loyalties must exclusively be centered round the state. If in a democracy, you create rival loyalties or you create a system in which any individual or a group, instead of suppressing his extravagance cares not for larger or other interests, then democracy is doomed.”
In the light of the above passage highlight the values which a loyal citizen of a democratic country should uphold.
PART – C
Question 11:
“The Mahabharata is a story of kinship, marriages and patriliny.” Examine the statement.
OR
“Because of the diversity of the Indian subcontinent there have always been populations whose social practices were not influenced by the Brahminical ideas during 600 BCE – 600 CE.” Examine the statement.
Question 12:
Identify the rituals and practices associated with the Mahanavami Dibba, a structure in the Royal Centre of Vijayanagara Empire.
OR
Outline the distinctive features of the Virupaksha temple and the Vitthala temple in the Royal Centre of Vijayanagara Empire.
Question 13:
Explain how Non-Cooperation Movement made Gandhiji a national leader.
OR
Explain why some scholars see partition of India as the culmination of communal politics.
PART-D
Question 14:
Read the following excerpt carefully and answer the questions that follow :
The world beyond the palace
Just as the Buddha’s teachings were compiled by his followers, the teachings of Mahavira were also recorded by his disciples. These were often in the form of stories, which could appeal to ordinary people. Here is one example, from a Prakrit text known as the Uttaradhyayana Sutta, describing how a queen named Kamalavati tried to persuade her husband to renounce the world: If the whole world and all its treasures were yours, you would not be satisfied, nor would all this be able to save you. When you die, O king and leave all things behind, dhamma .. alone, and nothing else, will save you. As a bird dislikes the cage, so do I dislike (the world).
I shall live as a nun without offspring, without desire, without the love of gain, and without hatred…. Those who have enjoyed pleasures and renounced them, move about like the wind, and go wherever they please, unchecked like birds in their flight… Leave your large kingdom … abandon what pleases the senses, be without attachment and property, then practice severe penance, being firm of energy …
- Who compiled the teachings of Buddha and Mahavira ?
- Explain how did the queen try to convince her husband to renounce the world.
- Describe any three principles of Jainism.
Question 15:
Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Irrigating trees and fields
This is an excerpt from the Babumama that describes the irrigation devices the emperor observed in Northern India: The greater part of Hindustan country is situated on level land. Many though its towns and cultivated lands are, it nowhere has running waters … For … water is not at all a necessity in cultivating crops and orchards. Autumn crops grow by the downpour of the rains themselves; and strange it is that spring crops grow even when no rains fall. (However) to young trees water is made to flow by means of buckets or wheels …. In Lahore, Dipalpur (both in present-day Pakistan) and those other parts, people water by means of a wheel. They make two circles of rope long enough to suit the depths of the well, fix strips of wood between them, and on these fasten pitchers. The ropes with the wood and attached pitchers are put over the wheel-well. At one end of the wheelaxle a second wheel is fixed, and close to it another on an upright axle. The last wheel the bullock turns; its teeth catch in the teeth of the second (wheel), and thus the wheel with the pitchers is turned. A trough is set where the water empties from the pitchers and from this the water is conveyed everywhere. In Agra, Chandwar, Bayana (all in present-day Uttar Pradesh) and those parts again, people water with a bucket… At the well-edge they set up a fork of wood, having a roller adjusted between the forks, tie a rope to a large bucket, put the rope over a roller, and tie its other end to the bullock. One person must drive the bullock, another empty the bucket.
- Explain the irrigation technology as observed by the Emperor.
- What was the necessity of irrigation?
- Explain any three factors which are responsible for the expansion of agriculture in India.
Question 16:
Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow :
Escaping to the countryside
This is how the famous poet Mirza Ghalib described what the people of Delhi did when the British forces occupied the city in 1857: Smiting the enemy and driving him before them, the victors (i.e., the British) overran the city in all directions. All whom they found in the street they cut down … For two to three days every road in the city, from the Kashmiri Gate to Chandni Chowk, was a battlefield. Three gates – the Ajmeri, the Turcoman and the Delhi – were still held by the rebels … At the naked spectacle of this vengeful wrath and malevolent hatred the colour fled from men’s faces, and a vast concourse of men and women … took to precipitate flight through these three gates. Seeking the little villages and shrines outside the city, they drew breath to wait until such time as might favour their return.
- Who was Mirza Ghalib ? What did he describe?
- Why did British attack Delhi ? Give two reasons.
- How did the people escape from Delhi and where did they take shelter?
PART – E
Question 17:
17.1. On the given outline political map of India locate and label the following with appropriate symbols:
(a) Ajmer, a territory under Mughals.
(b) Gwalior, a centre of the Revolt of 1857.
17.2. On the same map three places related to the mature Harappan sites has been marked as A, B, C. Identify them and write their names correctly on the lines drawn near them.
Answers
Answer 1:
Following strategies are used by the archaeologists for tracing socio economic differences.
(a) Studying Burials: The burials in Harappa were usually-laid in pits. The differences lay in the manner in which they were made and other things they contained. The manner in which the burials were made by many historians mark social differences. In the Harappan sites the dead were laid in pits. At some instances, the hollowed-out spaces were lined with bricks.
(b) Studying Artefacts: Archaeologists classified them as utilitarian and luxuries. Objects of daily use made of ordinary material such as clay or stone come under utilitarian category. Ordinary articles consisted of querns, pottery, flesh-rubbers and needles.
In some graves pottery and ornaments have been found. Jewellery has been found from the graves of men and women as well.
Objects of luxuries were rare and made from precious, non-local materials. The technology used was advanced and complicated. Little pots of faience were considered precious. These show the existence of social and economic variation in Harappan society.
Answer 2:
Bernier’s assessment about Indian rural society was not correct. It was far away from the truth, but it is not acceptable. There are some truth in his description which are evident from the following facts:
- According to his account, Mughal empire was the owner of the land and distributed among its nobles. It had a disastrous impact on the society.
- According to him the system of ‘crown ownership of land’ was good. It was because, the land holders could not pass on their land to their children. They did not make any long term investment on the land.
- As there was no private property in land, there was not any improvement in the landlord class. This system ruin agriculture and led to opinion of peasants.
Bernier’s view regarding Indian society had the following features:
- The rich people were in minority.
- It had the poorest of the poor and the richest of the rich, no middle class existed there.
- All the cities and towns were ruined and had contaminated air.
Answer 3:
Many Zamindaris were auctioned as the Zamindars failed to pay up the agreed land revenue on time. The reason for the same:
- Many believed that the land revenue settlement was on the higher side. Moreover soon after the permanent settlement, the foodgrain prices declined.
- The ryots could not pay up the land revenue and hence Zamindars also defaulted.
- The revenue was to be deposited on time irrespective of harvesting cycle. This was another reason for default by the Zamindars.
- The power of Zamindars was curbed by the Company. They were no longer law and order enforcing agency at local level.
- Their musclemen were also weakened. As a result of this Zamindars could not effectively collect taxes at times.
- Many a time Jotedars and peasants deliberately delayed the land revenue payment. This resulted in default by Zamindars and the auction thereafter.
- It was to be noted that the authority of zamindars in rural areas did not collapse for they devised way of surviving pressures and manipulating actions.
- More over, those who survived of troubles of 1790s consolidated their power.
Answer 4:
Dr. H. Heras has rightly observed “The destruction of the Indus valley civilisation is a postulate which has never been proved”. Our knowledge about its decay and decline is still in a conjectural stage more and less. The end of the Harappan culture was as mysterious as its beginning.
Causes of its decline or destruction are stated below as:
(i) Climatic change: The drastic climatic changes occurred in these regions leading to devastation of the agricultural production.
(ii) Outdated technology: Evidences show the end of the culture was a gradual process. Expansion of populations into new settlements in Gujarat, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Important features related to Harappan Culture such as pottery, weights, artefacts, crafts etc disappeared. House construction techniques deteriorated. This was a strong unifying element, perhaps the decline of culture, came to an end.
(iii) Deforestation: Excessive deforestation, on account of providing fuel to millions of kiln producing burnt bricks led to decrease in rainfall. Decreasing the fertility on account of ‘increasing salinity of the soil caused by expansion of neighbouring arid areas.
(iv) Deterioration in environmental conditions: In the words of Dr. Raikes, ‘the cities were exposed to a slow and continuous process of deterioration in environmental conditions- growth of slums, congested house etc. The deterioration speeded up as the culture had exhausted its energy and stagnation set in. ’
(v) Natural Calamities: “Mr. Sahni has concluded from his research that floods had swept the Indus culture away.” Some scholars put the blame on earthquakes for the disappearance of die culture.
(vi) Aryan Invasion: Eminent scholars like Sir R. E. M. Wheeler, M. Taddei, H. G. Wells and Sir Wooley are of the view that the Aryan invasion destroyed the civilisation. Wheeler view is based on the skeleton remains found at dead manlane and correlation of the archaeological evidence with that of the Rigveda. But George Dales refutes Wheeler. Early interpretations believed in a dramatic collapse of the entire civilisation.
(vii) Change in the course of rivers: Many scholars stated that the change in the course of the river led to the drying up of the surrounding countryside due to the overuse of the landscapes.
(viii) Mixed causes: In the words of ‘Romila Thapar’ – “It is now generally agreed that the decline of Harappan culture was due to environmental changes of various kinds to political pressure and possible break in trading activities and not to any invasion.”
Answer 5:
Sources to reconstruct the Mauryan empire are as follow:
- Variety of sources have been used by the historians to reconstruct the history of Mauryan Empire. These are archaeological finds, especially sculptures account of Megasthenes who was Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
- Another source which is often used is the Arthashastra, parts of which were probably composed by Kautilya or Chanakya, the Minister of Chandragupta.
- Mudra Rakshash written by Vishakhadutta provide us information how Chandragupta snatched the reign of Nanda dynasty.
- The Mauryans are also mentioned in later Buddhist, Jaina and puranic literature as well as in Sanskrit literary works. The other valuable sources are the inscriptions of Ashoka on rocks and pillars.
Answer 6:
(i) Kabir (C 14th – 15th centuries) was a poet saint Verses ascribed to Kabir have been compiled in three distinct-the Kabir Bijak, Kabir Granthawali and Adi Granth Sahim.
(ii) Kabir drew on to describe the utimate reality as Allah, Khuda, Hazrat and Pir. He also used terms drawn from Vedantic traditions, alakh, nirakar, Brahman, Atman.
(iii) Other terms with mystical conotations as Sabada (Sand) shunya (emptiness) were drawn from yogic traditions. Some poems draw on Islamic ideas and used anotheism and iconoclasm to attack Hindu polytheism and idol worship.
(iv) He questioned entrenched religious and social institutions, ideas and practices in search for divine. Probably he crystallised through dialogue and debate with the traditions of sufis and yogis.
Answer 7:
Recruitment, rank of the nobility and relationship with the Emperor:
- Mughal chronicles, especially the Akbar Nama, have bequeathed a vision of empire in which agency rests almost solely with the emperor, while the rest of the kingdom has been portrayed as following his orders.
- If we look more closely at the available information the histories provide us about the apparatus of the Mughal state, we may be able to understand the ways in which the imperial organisation was dependent on several different institutions.
- The most important pillar of the Mughal state was the nobility. The nobility was recruited from diverse ethnic and religious group which ensured that no faction was large enough ‘ to challenge the authority of the state.
- The officer corps of the Mughals was described as a bouquet of flowers (guldasta) held together by loyalty to the emperor. In Akbar’s imperial service, Turani and Iranian nobles were present from the earliest phase of carving out a political dominion. Many had accompanied Humayun; others migrated later to the Mughal court.
- The holders of government offices was given the ranks (mansabs) comprising two numerical designations: zat which was an indicator of position in the imperial hierarchy and the salary of the official (mansabdar), and sawar which indicated the number of horsemen he was required to maintain in service.
- Akbar, who designed the mansab system, also established spiritual relationships with a select band of his nobility by treating them as his disciples (murid).
- For members of the nobility, imperial service was a way of acquiring power, wealth and the highest possible reputation. A person wishing to join the service petitioned through a noble, who presented a tajwiz to the emperor.
- If the applicant was found suitable, a mansab was granted to him. The mir bakhshi (paymaster general) stood in open court on the right of the emperor and presented all candidates for appointment or promotion, while his office prepared orders bearing his seal and signature as well as those of the emperor.
- There were two other important ministers at the centre: the diwan-i ai (finance minister) and sadr-us sudur (minister of grants or madad-i maash, and in charge of appointing local judges or qazis).
- The three ministers occasionally came together as an advisory body, but were independent of each other.
Akbar with these and other advisers shaped the administrative, fiscal and monetary institutions of the empire. Nobles stationed at the court (tainat-i rakab) were a reserve force to be deputed to a province or military campaign. - Nobles were duty-bound to appear twice a day to express their submission to the emperor. They also had to share the responsibility for guarding the emperor and his household round the clock.
Answer 8:
(i) In 1859 the British passed a limitation law that stated that the loan bonds signed between money lenders and ryots would have validity for only three years.
(ii) This law was meant to check the accumulation of interest over time. The moneylender turned the law round forcing the ryot to sign a new bond every three years.
(iii) The ryots were utterly dependent on the money lender for survival. Moneylenders were being insensitive to ryots plight. Moneylenders refused to give receipts as loans were repaid entered fictitious figures in bonds.
(iv) Deeds and bonds regulated by law, unless the deeds were legally enforceable, it had no value. Moneylenders refused to increase loan amount to ryots. The ryots came to see the money lender as devious and deceitful, they complained of moneylenders manipulating laws and forging accounts.
Answer 9:
(i) The first task the Meerut mutineers did, was to cross over Delhi and appeal to Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah to lead them and proclaimed him Shahanshah – e – Hindustan.
(ii) The other Principalities-Kanpur, Jhansi, the rebels sought leadership of erstwhile rulers. This helped in unity among the rebels.
(iii) The rebels proclamations of 1857 repeatedly appealed to all sections of the population irrespective of their caste and creed, proclamation in Hindi, Urdu, and Persian called upon both Hindus and Muslims to unite, rise and exterminate the ‘Firangis’.
(iv) Proclamations issued by Muslim Princes or in their names took care to address the sentiments of Hindus. The defence of religion and the fight against British seen closely linked to each other. Both Hindus and Muslims had equal stake.
(v) The ishtahars harked back to the Pre-British Hindu-Muslim past and glorified the co-existence of different communities under Mughal Empire. Bahadur Shah’s Proclamation emphasised the standard of Mohammad and the Standard of Mahavir.
Answer 10:
(i) Self discipline, belief in democracy
(ii) Nation is supreme, and patriotism.
(iii) Social justice, equality and fraternity
(iv) Feelings of common property.
Answer 11:
- The Mahabharata is a story which describes a feud over land and power between two
groups of cousins, the Kauravas and the Pandavas who belonged to a single ruling family, that of the Kurus. - Pandavas emerged victorious. Patriliny had existed prior to the composition of the epic and Mahabharata reinforced it. Sons could claim the resources of their father when latter died.
- In some situations brothers succeeded one another. Sometimes other kins men claimed the throne. In exceptional circumstances women such as Prabhavati Gupta exercised power.
- Families (Kinship) are parts of larger networks of people defined as relatives. Sons were important for the continuity of the patrilineage. Daughters were viewed differently within this framework. They had no claimes to the wealth.
- Women were allowed to retain her stridhama. It was given by brothers, father and husband. Different type of marriages were followed. Kinds of marriages: Endogamy, Exogamy, Polygamy and Polyandry. Marriages in the same gotra were not allwed. Women expected to give up their father’s gotra.
- There were eight forms of marriage in Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras. The Kanyadan or the gift of a daughter in marriage was an importent religious duty of the father.
- Women were considered as property. Yudhisthira lost his common wife Draupadi in the game of dice as he was invited by Duryodhana.
- Families provide an insight into people’s thinking. These ideas would have shaped their actions, actions may have led to changes in attitudes.
OR
- The diversity of the subcontinent, there were, and always have been; populations, whose social practices were not influenced by Brahmanical ideas.
- As they figured in Sanskrit texts are often described as uncivilised. Hunting and gathering were the important means for subsistence.
- Categories such as the nishada; to which Ekalavya is supposed to have belonged, are examples.
- People, who were newed with suspicion included populations such as nonmadic pastoralists and could not be easily accommodated within the framework and spoke non-Sanskritic languages, were known as ‘mlechchhas’.
- The Brahmanas considered some people as being outside the system. They developed a social divide by classifying certain social categories as untouchable.
- Some activities were regarded as particularly polluting. These included handling corpses and dead animals. Such people were designated as chandalas.
- Historians tried to find out whether chandalas accepted the life of degradation prescribed in the Shastras. Whenever Brahmanical authorities encountered new groups that did not easily fit into the four fold vama system, they classified them as a jati.
- Only Kshatriyas could be kings several important ruling lineages propably had different origins. Satavahana were the metronymics.
Answer 12:
- The Mahanavami Dibba was the king’s. Palace in Vijayanagara though there is no definite evidence. From the available sources, it is assumed that it had very beautiful wooden structure with base of the platform covered with relief carvings.
- The Mahanavami Dibba had a very impressive platform known as “the audience hall”. It was surrounded by high double walls with a street running between them.
- Many rituals were associated with the Mahanavami dibba. Here the Hindu festival Mahanavami or Navaratri were celebrated with a great pomp and show in the months of September-October. This festival continued for 9 days. The rulers of Vijayanagara empire displayed their power, prestige and suzerainty.
B. On this occasion, several ceremonies were performed which included:
(i) Worship of the different gods and goddesses
(ii) Worship of the state horse,
(iii) The sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals.
(iv) The main attraction of this occasion were:
(a) Dances
(b) Wrestling matches
(c) Processions of horses, elephants, chariots and soldiers.
All these ceremonies were presented before the king and his guests. On the last day of the festival, the king inspected his army as well as the nayakas of the army. He also accepted gift from the nayakas.
- The Virupaksha temple was built in 9th-10th century, but enlarged with the establishment of Vijayanagara empire. The Vijayanagara ruler Krishnadeva Raya constructed a hall in the front of the temple to mark his accession.
- The hall is decorated with beautiful engraving on the pillar. He also got constructed a gopuram in the temple which is 52 m high.
B. The hall in the temple was used for a variety of purposes.
- In this hall the images of gods were placed to witness special programme of music, dance and drama.
- It was also used to celebrate the marriage of deities. Swing for deities was also installed in the hall.
The Vitthala temple is in Hampi. It was constructed by Krishnadeva Raya in 1513. Although the construction work was started by Krishnadeva Raya, it also continued after his death. This beautiful temple is dedicated to Vitthala or the Vishnu.
- This temple is constructed in a compound measuring 152×94 metres and has three beautiful Gopurams.
- There are 48 magnificent pillars in Kalyana Mandapa which have been carved out of rocks.
- The artistic work on the pillar is very beautiful.
- A chariot built in the front of the temple add to beauty of the temple.
Answer 13:
(a) Gandhiji believed that British empire in India could survive as long as the local people were cooperating with the foreign rule. Non-cooperating with the British government was to weaken it and also to protest against the same.
(b) Following points explain how it was a protest:
- Non-coperation movement came along with the Khilafat movement. The British has not seen Hindu-Muslim unity of this level ever in history.
- The protest of the people was unified cutting across communities and at great scale.
- People boycotted the pillars and symbols of British rule, courts, colleges and government offices. Lawyers stopped going to courts and students stayed away from colleges.
- At many places alternate arrangements were done to solve litigations out of court.
- Further, many education institutions were established by the leaders of freedom struggle where students can study.
- One of them is Jamia Millia University in Delhi which exists today as one of the most reputed seats of higher education in India.
- People boycotted tax collection also and they refused to pay taxes.
Thus, non-cooperation was a kind of protest too.
(a) Gandhiji came to India back from South Africa in 1915. In 1917 he went to Champaran in Bihar to fight for the cause of farmers who were forced to grow indigo by the British government. The farmers movement proved successful as the British government accepted the demands of the farmers. Since that time to 1948 when he was assassinated, he occupied the central place in the politics of India. The fact is Mahatma Gandhi is the chief protagonist of the Indian Freedom Struggle.
(b) Mahatma Gandhi changed the nature of freedom movement and this can be elaborated by the following points:
- When Gandhiji joined Indian politics, the freedom movement was limited to the middle class. Everybody who participated in the political movements was educated and product of the English education.
- Gandhiji made it all pervasive. Now people from villages, poor people, labours, workers, and students all became part of the freedom struggle. However, there are people who find fault with the act of Gandhiji.
- They point out that Mahatma Gandhi used religious symbols to popularise the freedom movement that in long term gave fillip to communal politics. It is notable that the Age of Gandhi is also the age of the Rise of Muslim League in Indian politics.
- Eminent author Nirad C Choudhary has also criticised Mahatma Gandhi for making the freedom movement a mass movement by short cuts.
- Mahatma Gandhi has to be credited with emancipation of women and their participation in the public life at a scale not known in Indian history. Women were very prominent in picketing activities against shops selling foreign goods.
- The freedom movement gave some prominent women leaders viz. Sarojini Naidu, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and many more.
- For Mahatma Gandhi freedom movement was also a platform for social reforms. He spoke in favour of place of dignity and respects for depressed classes.
- He made end to untouchability a fundamental objective of his political philosophy. Thus, Mahatma Gandhi made freedom movement a mass movement and a movement much beyond politics.
OR
- Separate electorates were introduced by the British for Muslims by the Act of 1909, which was expanded in 1919. Muslims could elect their own representatives in designated constituencies.
- The separate electorates, apart from other causes, contributed to the partition – many scholars see partition as a culmination of British policy of divide and rule and communal politics moulded by the separate electorate^
- It created temptation for politicians working within the system to use the religious slogans.
- Politicians became eager to acquire support among their own religious groups.
- Community identities no longer indicated simple difference in faith and belief, but came to signify active hostility between communities.
- They deepened logic of electoral politics and hardened community identities.
- Separate electorates had a profound impact on Indian politics. But the partition of India was not a logical result of their working since host of other developments contributed to consolidate communal identities.
Answer 14:
(1) (a) Buddha’s teachings were compiled by his followers.
(b) The teachings of Mahavira were recorded by his disciples.
(2) (a) If the whole world and all its treasures could not satify him than all things of this world could not save him.
(b) Only Dhamma can save him and she dislikes the world as the bird dislikes cage.
(3) (a) Entire world is animated. Even stones rocks and water have life.
(b) Non injury to living beings, especially humans, animals, plants and insects.
(c) Cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through Karma.
Answer 15:
(1) (a) The simple method was to draw water with rope and bucket by hand without any
mechanical aid.
(b) Another method was rope-pulley was used with addition of employment of a pair of oxen. A wheel was used for lifting water from well. In this form a garland of pots was used with three wheels a gear mechanism and animal power.
(2) (a) Scarcity of water (Lack of Rainfall)
(b) The greater part of Hindustan is situated on plain.
(3) (a) Autumn crops grow by the downpour of the rain.
(b) Spring crops grow when no rains fall.
(c) Availability of labour.
Answer 16:
(1) (a) Mirza was a poet.
(b) He described what the people of Delhi.
(c) When the British force occupied the city in the city in 1857.
(2) (a) To set up the control on the rebels.
(b) Rebels have recognised the symbolic values of Delhi.
(3) (a) They took to precipitate flight through these three gates.
(b) They got the shelter in villages situated in the outskirts of Delhi.
(c) They stayed in the shrines situated in city and little villages.
Answer 17:
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