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NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids – Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids – Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

  • In chemical industry, aldehydes and ketones are used as solvents, starting materials and reagents for the synthesis of other products.
  •  Formaldehyde, under the name formalin (40% solution) is used to preserve biological specimens.
  •  Formaldehyde is also used to prepare bakelite, urea-formaldehyde glues and other polymeric products.

Carboxylic Acids

Carbon compounds containing a functional group, —COOH are called carboxylic acids. Some higher members of aliphatic carboxylic acids (C12-C18 ) known as fatty acids, occur in natural fats as esters of glycerol.

Nomenclature

According to IUPAC nomenclature system, name of a carboxylic acid is obtained by replacing the terminal ‘e’ of the corresponding alkane by the suffix ‘oic acid’. Their general formula is CnH2n+1  COOH.
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 1

Nature of the Carboxylic Acids

  • Carboxylic acids are acidic in nature but they are weaker acids than mineral acids but stronger acids than phenols (because the carboxylate ion is more stabilised as compared to phenoxide ion).
  • The carboxylic acids form salts with alkalies.
  •  Strength of acid is indicated by pKa value. Higher the value of Ka or lower value of pKa, stronger is the acid.
  • Aromatic acids are more acidic than aliphatic acids.

Preparation

(i) From Acid Derivatives

All acid derivatives like amides (RCONH2), acid halides (COCl), esters (RCOOR’), acid anhydrides (RCO —O—COR) on hydrolysis give carboxylic acids.
All acid derivatives break form RC+Q.
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 2

(ii) From Alkyl Benzene

Alkyl benzene when treated with strong oxidising agent like H2Cr04 (chromic acid), acidic or alkaline KMn04  gives benzoic acid.
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 3
Chemical Properties

Reactions Showing Acidic Behaviour
Reactions with Metals and Alkalies
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 4
Carboxylic acids dissociate in water to give resonance stabilised carboxylate anions and hydronium ion.
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 5

Effect of Substituents on the Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

Electron withdrawing group (EWG) stabilises the carboxylate anion find strengthens the acid.
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 6
Electron donating group (EDG) destabilises the carboxylate anion and weakens the acid. Strong acids have higher value of Ka and lower value of pKa .
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 7
Following acids are arranged in decreasing order of acidity
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 8
In case of aromatic carboxylic acids, more the –R effect, more is the acidic nature.

Reactions Involving Cleavage of C —OH Bond
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 9
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 10
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 11

Reduction of—COOH Group

Carboxylic acids are reduced to primary alcohols by LiAlH4 or better with B2H6.B2H6 does not easily reduce functional groups such as esters, nitro, halo, etc. NaBH4 does not reduce the carboxyl group.
NEET Chemistry Notes Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids - Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 12
Methanoic acid and its sodium salt acts as reducing agent due to — CHO group. It reduces Tollen’s reagent, Fehling’s reagent, KMn04, etc.

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