Environmental biology is one of the critical Biology Topics that involves understanding how humans impact the environment and how to address environmental issues.
What is the Structure of Plant and Animal Cells?
Though their shape, size, and activities vary, all cells have the following three major functional regions: The cell membrane or plasma membrane, and cell wall, The nucleus, and The cytoplasm.
The outer boundary of the cell is the plasma membrane. Inside it lies the cytoplasm. Various cellular or cell organelles and inclusions are suspended in the cytoplasm. All activities inside the cell and interaction of the cell with its environment are possible due to these features. Out of these organelles, the nucleus is visible under a light microscope. The other organelles can be seen under an electron microscope only.
Ultrastructure of a generalised animal cell as seen with an electron microscope
Ultrastructure of a generalised plant cell
The Cell: Its Organelles and Inclusions
Living parts of a cell
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Smooth ER
- Rough ER
- Mitochondria
- Golgi apparatus
- Ribosomes
- Lysosomes
- Centrioles (animals only)
- Plastids (plants only)
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Nucleus
Non-living parts of a cell
- Cell wall (plants only)
- Vacuoles
- Granules (cell inclusions)