NCERT Class 9 Science Lab Manual – Plant and Animal Tissues

NCERT Class 9 Science Lab Manual – Plant and Animal Tissues

EXPERIMENT

Aim
To identify parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues in plants, striated muscle fibres and nerve cells in animals, from prepared (permanent) slides and to draw their labelled diagrams.

Theory
Tissues: A group of cells having similar structure, origin and functions is called a tissue. There are two types of tissues — plant tissues and animal tissues.

Materials Required
Permanent slides of parenchyma tissues, sclerenchyma tissues, straited muscle fibre, nerve cell and compound microscope.

Procedure

1. Place the compound microscope where proper light can be received and reflected on the slide.
2. Place the permanent slides one by one. Observe its structure and draw diagrams.

Observations
I. Plant tissues

(a) Parenchymatous tissues:

1. All cells are same in size and length.
2. Corners of the cells show intercellular spaces.
3. Each cell shows prominent nucleus and a large central vacuole.
4. Each cell has thin cell walls.
5. Intercellular spaces are present in between the cells.
   

Inference

1. These are plant cells as large vacuole is seen and cell wall is present.
2. These are all living cells.
3. These cells are present all over the plant body i.e. — stems, leaves, roots, flowers and fruits.

(b) Sclerenchymatous tissues:

1. These cells show thick comers and thick cell walls.
2. They do not have any protoplasm in it.
3. They show lignified walls.
4. They can be divided into two types: sclerenchyma fibres and sclereids.
5. These cells are dead.
   

Inference
The sclerenchymatous tissues are dead cells, with hard cell wall and provides mechanical support to plant. For e.g. coconut husk, hard shells of fruits.

(c) Collenchymatous tissues: 

1. The cells of collenchyma may be oval or elongated.
2. Each cell consists of central nucleus with cytoplasm at the periphery.
3. Cell walls are thickened at the comers. The thickening is due to cellulose and pectin.
4. Intercellular space is absent.
5. These cells are commonly seen below the epidermis in petiole, leaves and stems.
6. Its main function is to provide mechanical strength.
   
   

Inference

1. These cells have thick comers.
2. There is no space between the cells.
3. The nucleus is prominent at the periphery with cytoplasm but the centre of the cells consist of vacuole.

II. Animal tissues
(a) Striated muscles:

1. These muscles show long cylindrical fibres.
2. The cells are multinucleated.
3. The muscles show alternate dark and light bands.
4. The cells are surrounded and held by connective tissue.
5. The cells are surrounded by a membrane called as sarcolemma.
   

Inference

1. The slide shows cylindrical fibres, with dark and light bands
2. These are voluntary muscles and work according to our will.

(b) Non-striated muscles or Smooth muscles:

1. The cells are spindle-shaped.
2. Nucleus is centrally located.
3. These muscles do not show dark and light bands striations.
4. Non-striated muscles are involuntary in nature.
5. They are found in blood vessels and in alimentary canal.
   

Inference

1. The cells of non-striated muscles are tapering at both the ends i.e., spindle- shaped.
2. The nucleus is prominent and is centrally located.
3. The dark and light bands are not seen.

(c) Cardiac muscles:

1. Cardiac muscle cells are long, branched and uninucleate.
2. They show alternate light and dark bands.
3. These are involuntary muscles.
4. They are seen only in the walls of heart.
5. They are non-tiring muscles and responsible for rhythmic contraction and relaxation of heart muscles throughout life.
   

Inference

1. These cells are branched and each cell consist of single nucleus.
2. The striations are seen.

(d) Nerve cell:

1. The nerve cells has a neuron with a large body called cyton.
2. The cyton has a prominent nucleus.
3. It has projections called dendrites.
4. One of the dendrite which is long called axon.
5. The nerve endings are attached to muscles.
   

Inference
Each nerve cell consists of prominent nucleus and granular cytoplasm with projections called dendrites

Precautions

1. Handle the microscope carefully.
2. Handle the permanent slides carefully.
3. Always focus the slide first at low power and then at high power.

VIVA VOCE

Question 1:
Give one example of Parenchymatous tissues.
Answer:
Chlorenchymatous present in leaves. Aerenchymatous present in leaves with floating capacity in hydrophytes.

Question 2:
Give two examples of connective tissue.
Answer:
Blood and bone.

Question 3:
Name the muscles attached to bones and helps in the movement.
Answer:
Striated, skeletal muscles.

Question 4:
Name the muscles present in heart.
Answer:
Cardiac muscles.

Question 5:
Name a fluid connective tissue.
Answer:
Blood, lymph.

Question 6:
Name the simple permanent tissues of plant.
Answer:
Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.

Question 7:
Name the complex permanent tissues of plant.
Answer:
Complex Permanent tissues of plant are—xylem and phloem.

Question 8:
Define neuron.
Answer:
Neuron is the nerve cell. It is structural and functional unit of nervous system.

Question 9:
Name the muscles in animals that are multinucleated.
Answer:
Striated muscles.

Question 10:
What is the study of tissues called?
Answer:
Histology.

Question 11:
Name a tissue, which on maturity has dead cell.
Answer:
epidermal tissue – e.g. cork cells.

Question 12:
What is the function of skeletal muscles in our body?
Answer:
Skeletal muscles are found attached to bones and helps in the movement of our body.

PRACTICAL BASED QUESTIONS

Question 1:
Name the type of tissues present in husk of coconut.
Answer:
Sclerenchymatous fibres.

Question 2:
Name complex permanent tissues in plants.
Answer:
Xylem and Phloem.

Question 3:
Where can you find meristematic tissues in plants?
Answer:
At the growing points i.e., tips of root, shoot and at lateral parts of the stem.

Question 4:
Name the plant tissues that provide strength to it.
Answer:
Sclerenchyma.

Question 5:
What are the features of striated muscle fibre? Where do we find them in our body?
Answer:.
Striated muscle fibres has dark and light bands. These muscles are found attached to bones.

Question 6:
Name different parts of neuron.
Answer:
Neuron has three parts

1. Cell body or cyton
2. dendrite
3. axon

Question 7:
Where is nerve cell found in our body?
Answer:
In brain, spinal cord and nerves.

Question 8:
What is synapse?
Answer:
The functional junction between two neurons is called synapse.

Question 9:
In what form do the signals travel in neuron?
Answer:
In neuron, the signals travel from electrical impulse to chemical impulse and again into electrical impulse.

NCERT LAB MANUAL QUESTIONS

Question 1:
In the transverse section of stem which tissue occupies larger space — parenchyma or sclerenchyma?
Answer:
Parenchyma.

Question 2:
Which tissue, w’hen matured, has dead cells?
Answer:
Sclerenchyma.

Question 3:
Mention the main function of sclerenchyma tissue?
Answer:
It provides mechanical strength and support.

Question 4:
You can bite fruits like guava, grapes, banana etc. but not a piece of wood. Why?
Answer:
The skin of fruits like apple, grapes guava is very soft and made up of soft tissues. While the wood has many layers of dead cells which makes it hard.

Question 5:
What are the features of striated muscle fibre? Where do we find these in our body?
Answer:
The striated muscle fibers have cells which are multinucleated, unbranched and cylindrical. They are found in limbs attached to skeletal bones.

Question 6:
Mention the function of skeletal muscles in our body.
Answer:
Skeletal muscles are used for locomotion, movement of limbs, lifting and doing muscular task.

Question 7:
What are the features observed in a neuron?
Answer:
Neuron has a cell body, dendrite and axon. It helps in transmitting signals.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)
Questions based on Procedural and Manipulative Skills

Question 1:
The muscle cells which are branched and do not fatigue are
(a) striated muscles
(b) unstriated muscles
(c) cardiac muscles
(d) connective tissue.

Question 2:
The muscles fibres are unbranched with striations, these are the characteristics of
(a) unstriated muscle fibres
(b) striated muscle fibres
(c) involuntary muscle fibres
(d) cardiac muscle fibres.

Question 3:
For observing plant tissues the stain generally used is
(a) methylene blue
(b) safranin
(c) phenolphthalein
(d) glycerine

Question 4:
Sarcolemma is present in:
(a) cardiac muscles
(b) striated muscles
(c) non-striated muscles
(d) all of these

Questions based on Observational Skills

Question 5:
Observe the following diagram and do the proper labelling of the neuron from ‘A’ to ‘D’ respectively:

(a) Cytoplasm, nucleus, dendrite, axon
(b) Protoplasm, nucleus, axon, dendrite
(c) Cytoplasm, nucleus, dendron, dendrite
(d) Plasma membrane, nucleus, dendrite, axon.

Question 6:
The diagram of sclerenchyma tissue given can be correctly identified because of the:

(a) thin cell membrane and thick cell wall
(b) thick cell wall with pits and no nucleus
(c) large central vacuole and pits in the cell membrane
(d) long fibre like shape and absence of cytoplasm.

Question 7:
The part X in the following diagram of a tissue should be labelled:

(a) Cell wall
(b) Cell membrane
(c) Cytoplasm
(d) Intercellular space.

Question 8:
Identify the labelled part (X) of the given figure:

(a) air cavity
(b) intercellular space
(c) intracellular space
(d) vacuole.

Question 9:
The following diagram gives the structure of a nerve cell. Identify respectively the parts labelled as A, B and C.

(a) Axon, dendrite, cytoplasm
(b) Dendrites, axon, cytoplasm
(c) Axon, nucleus, cytoplasm
(d) Nucleus, axon, cytoplasm.

Question 10:
Four students A, B, C and D observed parenchyma tissue and drew the following diagrams. The correct diagram is:

(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D

Question 11:
The characteristic features to identify a nerve cell are:
(a) Round and oval cells with coiled nucleus and cytoplasmic granules
(b) Cell body with branched cytoplasmic extensions and at one end a long projection.
(c) Spindle shaped cell with a big central nucleus
(d) Red-coloured biconcave disc shaped uninucleated cells.

Question 12:
If you are shown two slides of plant tissues- parenchyma and sclerenchyma. You can identify sclerenchyma by the:
(a) Location of nucleus
(b) Thickness of cell wall
(c) Size of the cells
(d) Position of vacuoles.

Question 13:
In the given figure of neuron; X can be identified as:

(a) dendron
(b) axon
(c) nucleus
(d) cell body

Question 14:
A student identified the following figure as striated muscles because of

(a) light and dark striations and is uninucleated
(b) light and dark striations and is multinucleated
(c) has no striations and is uninucleated
(d) has no striations and is multinucleated

Question 15:
Given below is a diagram of parenchyma cell. The wrong labelling is:

(a) cytoplasm and cell membrane
(b) intercellular space and cytoplasm
(c) nucleus and intercellular space
(d) cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 16:
The inner lining blood vessels is made up of which tissues?
(a) Nervous tissue
(b) Epithelial tissue
(c) Connective tissue
(d) Muscle tissue.

Questions based on Reporting and Interpretation Skills

Question 17:
A student observes a slide with cells having thick cell walls and no protoplasm in it, the slide is of
(a) parenchyma
(b) meristematic tissue
(c) xylem
(d) sclerenchyma

Question 18:
Xylem and phloem tissues together form
(a) simple permanent tissue
(b) simple meristematic tissue
(c) complex simple tissue
(d) complex permanent tissue.

Question 19:
The tissues which consist of dead cells are
(a) lymph
(b) blood
(c) collenchyma
(d) sclerenchyma.

Question 20:
Structure of a nerve cell does not contain one of the following.
(a) dendrite
(b) axon
(c) nucleus
(d) sarcolemma.

Question 21:
Which of the following cells are irregularly thickened at the comers?
(a) Parenchyma
(b) Collenchyma
(c) Sclerenchyma
(d) Meristematic.

Question 22:
The cells appear elongated tapering at ends as observed under a microscope. It is
(a) non-striated muscle
(b) sclerenchyma fibre
(c) nerve cell
(d) parenchyma

Question 23:
Pick the odd one out of the following:
(a) Cell body
(b) Axon
(c) Light and dark bands
(d) Dendrites.

Question 24:
Students observed the following tissues under the microscope. Which one of the following tissues is dead, without living cytoplasm and nucleus?

(a) (i)
(b) (ii)
(c) (iii)
(d) (iv)

Question 25:
On observing the slide of a tissue it was found that the cells have thickened cell walls: The slide is of
(a) parenchyma
(b) collenchyma
(c) sclerenchyma
(d) none of these.

Question 26:
Smooth muscle fibres are:
(a) spindle shaped, unbranched, non-striated uni-nucleate and involuntary.
(b) spindle shaped, striated, unbranched, multinucleate and voluntary.
(c) cylindrical, striated unbranched, multinucleate and voluntary.
(d) cylindrical, unbranched, non-striated, multinucleate and involuntary.

Question 27:
Plant cells which-are dead at maturity:
(a) parenchyma
(b) collenchyma
(c) sclerenchyma
(d) none of these.

Question 28:
The given slide was identified as parenchyma by Reena. The cells must:
(a) have thick cell walls
(b) be non-nucleated
(c) have thickened comers
(d) have thin cell walls with intercellular spaces.

Question 29:
Cells of the tissue in the mounted slide were observed to have large central vacuole and irregularly thickened at comers. The given tissue is:
(a) parenchyma
(b) sclerenchyma
(c) xylem
(d) collenchyma.

Question 30:
The striated muscle fibres are
(a) spindle shaped and uninucleated
(b) cylindrical without nuclei
(c) Cylindrical with striations and many nuclei
(d) Cylindrical and uninucleated.

Question 31:
A student observed a permanent slide. On observation he found cell with striations and multinucleate but no cell wall. From this it may be concluded that the given slide is of:
(a) striated muscles
(b) non-striated muscles
(c) neuron
(d) cardiac muscles.

SCORING KEY WITH EXPLANATION

1. (c) Cardiac muscles are branched and attached with each other which helps in continuous functioning.
2. (b) Striated muscles have light and dark striations.
3. (b) Plant cells are stained well by safranin.
4. (b) It is a feature of striated muscles.
5. (a) Study the nerve cell for correct labelling.
6. (b) Cells with thick cell wall, dead nucleus are seen in sclerenchyma
7. (b) The outer thick layer of each animal cell is cell membrane.
8. (b) The space between the cells is called intercellular space.
9. (a) Study the nerve cell for correct labelling.
10. (b) The cells of parenchyma should show the intercellular space and nucleus in it.
11. (b) Nerve cell consists of cell body, dendrite, nucleus and axon.
12. (b) Cells of sclerenchyma are thickened at comers.
13. (a) The long thread like structures on main cell body is dendrite/dendron.
14. (b) Striated muscle fibres are cylindrical with many striations.
15. (b) The space between the cells is called intercellular space and cytoplasm is in the cell.
16. (b) Epithelial tissue forms the covering or lining of free body surfaces, both internal and external.
17. (d) Cells with thick cell wall are seen in sclerenchyma.
18. {d) Complex tissues are with two or more tissues together.
19. (d) Sclerenchyma tissues have all dead cells.
20. (d) Nerve cell consists of cell body, dendrite, nucleus and axon.
21. (b) The thickening irregular at the corners is seen in collenchyma.
22. (a) Non-striated muscle fibres are spindle shaped.
23. (c) Cell body, dendrite and axon are parts of nerve cell and not light & dark bands.
24. (c) Cells with thick cell wall, dead nucleus are seen in sclerenchyma
25. (c) The thickening at the cell walls and is seen in dead cells of sclerenchyma.
26. (a) The features of smooth muscle fibres
27. (c) Sclerenchyma are dead cells.
28. (d) Parenchyma cells have intercellular space and thin cell walls.
29. (d) Collenchyma cells have large central vacuole in it with thick comers.
30. (c) Striated muscle fibres are cylindrical with many
    striations.
31. (a) Striations on the tissue helps to distinguish that it is striated tissue.

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