CBSE

Learning English Grammar will help students to boost their confidence while speaking and writing. Here we have explained the grammar in a very simple and short way, which will help students to remember the rules. Students can practice grammar with a variety of examples and implement it in their real life as well.

English Grammar for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

Important Questions for Class 12 English Writing Skills

• Notice Writing Class 12
• Advertisement Writing Class 12
• Poster Writing Class 12
• Invitations and Replies Class 12
• Letter Writing Class 12
• Article Writing Class 12
• Speech Writing Class 12
• Debate Writing Class 12
• Report Writing Class 12

CBSE Class 12 English Reading

Comprehension Passage

• Factual and Descriptive Passages
• Literary Passages
• Note-Making & Summarising

CBSE Class 12 English Writing Skills

Short Compositions

• Advertisement
• Notice
• Poster
• Invitation & Reply

Letter Writing

• Business Letters
• Official Letters
• Letters to The Editor
• Letters Of Application for Jobs

Long Compositions

• Articles
• Debates and Speeches
• Report
• Factual Description

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Reading

• Passages for Comprehension
  • Factual Passages
  • Discursive Passages
• Passages for Note-Making and Summarizing

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Writing

• Notices
• Posters
• Advertisements
• Letter Writing
  • Business/Official Letters
  • Letters to The Editor
  • Application for a Job
  • Letter to School/College Authorities
• Long Composition
  • Narratives
  • Report Writing
  • Speech
  • Articles

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 English Grammar

• Determiners
• Tenses
  • Tenses in Conditional Sentences
  • Present Tense
  • Past Tense
  • Future Tense
• Clauses
• Modals
• Active and Passive Voice
• Integrated Exercises

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Writing

• Notice
• Message
• E-mail
• Letter

Paragraph

• Description
• Dairy Entry
• Dialogue
• Story Writing
• Article
• Speech

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 English Grammar

• The Sentence
• Noun
• Pronoun
• Adjective
• Adverb
• Verb
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection
• Participle
• Modals
• Article
• Nominalisation
• Tenses
• Active and Passive Voice
• Reported Speech
• Question Tags
• Word Power
• Integrated Exercise

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English Grammar

• The Sentence
• The Parts Of Speech
• Articles
• Modals
• Subject Verb- Agreement
• Tense
• Voice
• Narration
• Word Power

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English Writing

• Notice
• Message
• E-Mail
• Paragraph Writing
• Article
• Diary Entry
• Story Writing
• Letter Writing

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 English Reading

• Long Passages
• Short Passages

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 English Reading Skills

• Reading- I
• Reading- II
• Reading- III

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 English Writing Skills

• Short Composition
• Letter Writing
• Long Composition

NCERT Solutions for Class 6 English Grammar

• The Sentence
• The Parts of Speech
• Kinds of Noun
• Tenses
• Uses of Articles (A, An and The)
• Degrees of Comparison
• Modals
• Correct Use of Verbs
• Correct Uses of Prepositions
• Active and Passive Voice
• Editing Task (Omissions)
• Editing Task (Error Correction)
• Rearrangement of Words (Jumbled Words)
• Word Power

Letter to The Editor Class 12 CBSE Format, Samples and Examples

Letters to the editor of a newspaper or magazine forms an important part of the paper. It voices the opinion of the people and provides them a platform to express their agreement, disagreement or reaction to the news and views contained in the newspaper. These letters raise issues of social, political and economic interest and generally centre round public reaction. Sometimes a reader expresses personal clarification or issues denial. In short, ‘Letters to Editor’ provide a forum to the readers to express their strong feelings and reactions to local, national and international issues.
Some important points:

1. Format : Same as that of the business letters.
2. The inside address : The Editor, ABC (Newspaper), XYZ (City)
3. Salutation : Sir/Madam
4. Complimentary close : ‘yours faithfully’ or ‘yours truly”

SOLVED QUESTIONS

Question 1:

DETERIORATING LIVING STANDARD

Write a letter to the Editor of a magazine Expressions, New Delhi on the deterioration in the standard of living in your city. Give suggestions for improvement. Sign yourself as PMR.
Answer:
15A Model Town
Delhi
April 5, 20XX
The Editor
Expressions
Kasturba Gandhi Marg
New Delhi-110001
Sir
Sub: Deteriorating standard of living in the capital city.
Through the columns of your reputed magazine, I wish to express my views on the deteriorating standard of living in the capital city of Delhi.
What does the standard of living actually mean? Does it mean possessing expensive goods of comfort and beauty, living in posh bungalows or, the overall decent and
peaceful living conditions including health and hygiene, pollution-free environment, and above all, a value-based society.
Considering all these, the living conditions in Delhi are really appalling. Dumps of garbage, heavy traffic congestion on the roads, growing atmospheric pollution, high levels of noise pollution, overcrowding at public places, etc., throw ample light on the deterioration in the people’s standard of living. Our lungs are hungry for fresh air and green belts.
The large number of immigrants, from other states to Delhi, put tremendous pressure on the resources of the city. The housing problem is growing rapidly with lack of civic amenities. The life is so busy that there is little interaction among neighbours. Hurry and worry is what best describes the life in the capital city. With growing consumerism and rising prices, the disparity between rich and poor is increasing day by day. Something judicious needs to be done to remedy this situation. More green belts and ‘silence zones’ should be created. The unrestricted inflow of people to Delhi should also be checked. Only then the standard of living can be improved.
Yours truly
PMR

Question 2:

WATER-SCARCITY

Write a letter to the Editor of National Herald, New Delhi about water scarcity in your locality suggesting ways to improve the position of water supply. You are Ramnath/ Reema of Ghaziabad.
Answer:
A-24, Kavi Nagar
Ghaziabad
April 2, 20XX
The Editor
National Herald
New Delhi-110001
Sir
Sub: Water crisis in Kavi Nagar
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities towards the problem of water scarcity in our locality.
It is still early summer and the residents are already facing acute water shortage in the area. The supply is cut off at 8.30 a.m. in the morning and is restored only for half an hour in the evening between 6 p.m. to 7 p.m. Since the timings are erratic, many people, especially, the working couples are unable to store water. Frequent complaints to the Jal Board haven’t yielded any result as the authorities express their helplessness saying that one of the tanks of the Hyderpur Water Treatment Plant is under repair and has been shut down for a month or so thereby affecting the water supply in the area. But it is nearly one and a half months since the problem began, yet there is no respite to the residents.
The Jal Board should, in the meantime, make provisions for water tankers at different horns of the day. Also, measures must be taken to expedite the repair work.
Yours truly
Ramnath /Reema

Question 3:

ILLICIT LIQUOR AND ANTHRAX

You are Hemant/Himakshi. Write a letter to the Editor of The Herald, New Delhi expressing your anguish over the problems faced by people due to illicit liquor and the deadly chemicals like anthrax.
Answer:
Examination Hall
New Delhi-110058
5th April, 20XX
The Editor
The Herald
New Delhi-110002
Sir
Sub: Terror caused by illicit liquor and anthrax
The recent deaths due to the consumption of illicit liquor and the fear generated in the minds of people on account of anthrax is a matter of great concern.
We often hear or read about people dying due to the consumption of illicit liquor, but never come to know about the follow up action or the punishment given to the guilty. What a tragedy! Families get ruined, children orphaned but the illegal trade continues unabated. Why is our government so apathetic towards this social curse or maybe, keeps the eyes closed deliberately because the custodians of law have their palms greased through these means only.
However, we, the awakened citizens, must raise our voice against this evil. We must try to educate not only the children but adults also. Responsibility can also be given to the Gram Panchayats and the best village or Panchayat should be awarded if they Eire able to eradicate this menace from their villages.
Another problem, I need to address is the problem of global terrorism. The people have yet to recover from the trauma of the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers when they are confronted with a still more dangerous and threatening problem—the problem of bio terrorism. Prominent personalities in different countries are being targeted through the
deadly bio-chemical like anthrax sent in letters. Is man degenerated to such an extent that he can kill another human being using such means? The US government has taken strong steps to check this deadly act. However, if the guilt is proved on anybody, the person(s) must be given exemplary punishment to eliminate this heinous crime completely. I am sure that the contents shared here express the views of many. In the hope that sanity may prevail among people some day.
Yours truly,
Hemant

Question 4:

FEAR OF TERRORISM

Write a letter to the Editor of The Hindu on the fear that is spreading among people due to their anxiety over the widespread terrorism in the world. Give suggestions to ‘    curb such anti-social activities. You are Vikram/Varsha.
Answer:
Examination Hall
Delhi-110065 3
March, 20XX
The Editor
The Hindu
New Delhi-110002
Sir
Sub: Widespread fear of terrorism
Through this letter of mine, I wish to express my concern over the widespread fear caused in the minds of people because of growing terrorist activities all over the world.
Terrorism as a method to achieve political aims has become a worldwide phenomenon. However, the shameful and hideous terrorist attack on the Twin Towers in the USA has given terrorism a new dimension. The daring assault on the dignity and prestige of one of the largest democracies of the world has shattered the faith of people completely. What is worse, it has left religious fanaticism behind as its offspring. The widespread communal riots as a fallout of these terrorist activities in India has instilled a great fear in the minds of common people. As it is, in the cross fire of political game, it is always the common man who suffers the most.
Stringent methods must be taken to restore peace and harmony in the country. One must keep the interests of the nation above the interests of the community or the individual. Sanity must prevail at all costs.
Yours truly
Vikram

Question 5:

STRAY ANIMALS

You have noticed many stray animals on the road during the busy hours of the day. These animals have caused traffic jam as well as accidents. You have already written to the concerned authorities but no action has been taken so far. So write a letter to the Editor of a leading newspaper telling him about the nuisance created by the stray animals. Sign your name as PreetiIKrishnan, C/5, Assam.
Answer:
Preeti
C/5, Assam
15 March, 20XX
The Editor
The Indian Express
Guwahati
Sir
Sub: Nuisance created by the stray animals
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the concerned authorities of the Municipal Corporation regarding the plight of the residents of Bow Bazaar. While going to school at 8.50 a.m, I notice many stray animals wandering here and there on the busy market roads. The position is almost the same a repeat performance in the afternoon. Sometimes these animals cross the roads in a long unending array, thus causing traffic blocks as well as accidents. These animals create a health hazard too by urinating everywhere. Huge heaps of dung are lying here and there. Flies hover over them and insects breed inside them.
We have already written to the concerned authorities but no action has been taken so far. The authorities are requested to depute officials to catch these stray animals and send them to the police pen. If unclaimed, these might be auctioned. It is hoped that an early action will be taken by the concerned authorities.
Yours truly
Preeti

Question 6:

PROBLEMS OF HOUSING SOCIETY

Write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India, highlighting the problems of the Housing Cooperative Society to which you have recently shifted.
Answer:
B-6, Saraswati Vihar
New Delhi-110078
19 September, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
New Delhi
Sir
Sub: Problems of Saraswati Vihar
I want to highlight the problems of Saraswati Vihar—a Housing Cooperative Society to which I have shifted recently. I request you to give them wide publicity to attract the attention of the officers concerned.

1. The colony has electric poles but there is no provision for street light. There is complete darkness when there is a breakdown in domestic power supply.
2. The roads have uncovered manholes over the sewerage lines. These have caused a couple of accidents. An eight year child was saved from death only yesterday.
3. The garbage disposal system is very poor. Perhaps the municipal authorities do not take cognizance of the existence of this Housing Society at all. It is only once in a blue moon that a truck visits the area to collect household refuse. May I hope that the authorities will pay attention to the genuine difficulties of the residents and take effective remedial action?

I do hope you will champion our cause.
Yours truly
Avinash

Question 7:

TRAFFIC JAMS

You are Aman/Aditi studying in Bharat School, Lucknow. The road leading to your school is very congested and full of potholes. Students and parents are often caught in a traffic jam. In spite of several representations, the government has not done anything to improve the condition of the road. Write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India, drawing the attention of the government to this problem.
Answer:
Bharat School
Lucknow
23 August, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
B.R. Marg
Lucknow
Sir
Sub: Traffic congestion on Rajaji Road
Through the columns of your newspaper, I would like to draw the attention of the concerned authorities to the appalling condition of the road leading upto Bharat School. The entire stretch is narrow, congested and covered with numerous pot holes. This often causes a traffic jam and inconvenience to students and staff of the school. A lot of time is wasted both in the morning and afternoon when the school buses have to leave.
The school has filed several complaints to the local authorities but they seem to have fallen on deaf ears. The situation worsens during the monsoon. It can also become dangerous threat to pedestrians. On behalf of the school students, I request the authorities to take immediate action to rectify this condition.
The improvement in the condition of the road will ease traffic congestion and ensure the safety of the citizens.
Yours truly
Aman

Question 8:

BASIC CIVIC AMENITIES

You are a resident of Mahalakshmi Apartments, Patparganj, Delhi. Your residential area is flooded with roadside dwellers who are deprived of the basic civic amenities like light, public toilets and bathrooms. Write a letter to the Editor of The Hindustan Times, highlighting the problems of these roadside dwellers, and also the problems posed by them to the public. Give suggestions for improvement.
Answer:
Mahalakshmi Apartments
Patparganj
Delhi
7th Feb., 20XX
The Editor
The Hindustan Times
KG. Marg
New Delhi
Sir
Sub: Restoring basic amenities to the roadside dwellers of Patparganj
Through the columns of your renowned paper, I would like to request the authorities concerned to provide basic amenities to the roadside dwellers of Patparganj area.
Due to floods the residential area of Mahalakshmi Apartment, Patparganj has been flooded with roadside dwellers who are deprived of the basic civic amenities such as light, public toilets and bathrooms. The local authorities should immediately set up tents for these people, provide medical aid and make available other necessities at the earliest.
They have lost their huts due to floods. Everything is wet and unusable.
I’m sure these lines in the columns of your paper will awaken the concerned authorities to : take urgent remedial measures to help the roadside dwellers.
Thanking you
Yours truly
XYZ
A Resident
(Mahalakshmi Apartments)

Question 9:
You are Sunil / Sunita, staying at Mayur Vihar, Delhi. Your locality being away from the main city, the poor bus-service adversely affects the life of the residents. Write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India, highlighting the problems faced, and also giving a few possible solutions.
Answer:
3 Ankur Apartment
Mayur Vihar
Delhi
10 May, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg
New Delhi
Sir
Sub: Transport dilemma
Through the columns of your newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the concerned transport authorities regarding the plight of Mayur Vihar residents. As you are aware Mayur Vihar is a large colony on the outskirts of Delhi. The residents of Ankur Apartments are facing the brunt of isolation as there is no bus stop within a radius of 2 km. Since the bus connection is unavailable, other modes of transport like the autos and taxis also do not have a stand nearby. It becomes extremely difficult to commute from the place except in one’s own vehicle.
It is proposed that the bus service should be provided at the earliest so that the inconvenience being caused to residents presently is permanently removed.
Looking forward to an early action by the concerned authorities.
Yours truly Sunita

Question 10:

BUS STOP

You are Prakhar /Pummy staying at the Adarsha Apartments, Mayur Vihar, Phase-I, New Delhi. There is no bus stop within the radius of 2 km from the apartments, causing a lot of inconvenience to the residents. Write a letter to the Editor of The Hindustan Times drawing attention of the government to this problem of the residents for rectification.
Answer:
Prakhar
5, Adarsha Apartments
Mayur Vihar, Phase I
New Delhi
10 May, 20XX
The Editor
The Hindustan Times
Kasturba Gandhi Marg
New Delhi
Sir
Sub: Transport dilemma
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the Delhi transport authorities regarding the plight of the residents of Mayur Vihar.
As you are aware, Mayur Vihar is a large colony on the outskirts of Delhi. The residents of Adarsha and Ankur Apartments in Phase I are facing the brunt of isolation as there is no bus stop within a radius of 2 kms. Since bus connection is not available, other modes of transport such as autorickshaws and taxis also do not have a stand nearby. Under these circumstances it becomes extremely difficult to commute from the place except in one’s own vehicle. It is therefore suggested that the city bus service should be extended to this colony so that the inconvenience being caused to the residents now is removed for ever.
Looking forward to an early action by the authorities concerned.
Yours truly
Prakhar / Pummy

Question 11:

OPEN MANHOLES

You are Reshma/Raghu staying at the Press Apartments of Nagpur. The main road leading to this colony has three open manholes causing frequent accidents at night. Also, it gets so dark after seven in the evenings in winter that the children and women of these apartments just cannot venture to move out alone during night time. Write a letter to the Editor to The Times of India drawing attention of the government to this problem of the residents.
Answer:
Reshma
5 Press Apartments
Nagpur
7 March, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
Veer Savarkar Marg
Mumbai
Sir
Sub: Plight of press apartments
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to bring to your kind notice as well as that of the authorities concerned to the plight of the residents of Press Apartments.
The colony has three open manholes which have been a source of fear and anxiety to the residents. In fact two little children—aged seven and nine belonging to the nearby slums—have already lost their lives. Moreover since these open manholes lie on the main road leading to the colony, it becomes difficult for the commuters to use the road after darkness prevails, especially in winters. Women and children are the worst affected. They do not venture to move out as soon as it gets dark.
It is earnestly hoped that the authorities competent to redress our grievances will pay attention to our plight and get the manholes covered and also provide street lights to this neglected colony.
Yours truly
Reshma

Question 12:

CAPITATION FEE

You are a social worker. You are upset as some good schools are exploiting the parents at the time of admission by taking capitation fee in the name of donation or building fund. Write a letter to the Editor of a national daily highlighting this corrupt practice. Sign the letter as Rahul/Rakhi.
Answer:
Rahul
5, Ambedkar Street
Nagpur
15 March, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
Veer Savarkar Marg
Mumbai
Sir
Sub: Capitation fee—a curse
I wish to draw your kind attention to the increasing menace of capitation fee which has become prevalent in schools at the time of admission. Although nobody seems to be in favour of this practice it is going on unchecked.
To me it seems nothing short of corruption to seek funds in the name of buildings, facilities etc. Isn’t it a shame that in a country where education was once free, it is now being sold and that too at a price. This unfair pressure on parents is taking a toll and it is high time a legislation is drawn up against this malpractice. Awareness against this extraction of money in the name of donation or building fund should be created. All sections of society including parents, teachers, students and educationists should come up in arms against this system and force the educational institutions to discontinue this evil practice forthwith. Providing quality education is one thing and the misuse of funds under the garb of capitation fee is quite another.
I urge the government to take stringent action against these dealers of education and lay down as well as enforce strict laws to curb this menace.
Yours truly
Rahul/Rakhi

Question 13:

OVERCROWDED CLASSES

You are a social worker. You feel upset as some of the good schools are admitting as many as 60-70 students in a class just to mint money. This is adversely affecting academic standards. Write a letter to the Editor of a national daily highlighting this corrupt practice. Sign the letter as Jaishri/Ranjan.
Answer:
Ranjan
7, Reiki Street
Mumbai
16 March, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
Veer Savarkar Marg
Mumbai
Sir
Sub: Commercialisation of education
I wish to draw the attention of the public in general and authorities in particular to the crass commercialisation prevalent in the good schools renowned for providing quality education.
My son goes to a prestigious public school which admits students after conducting so many tests and charging a hefty amount as various funds. To a casual onlooker the system appears restrictive and selective, but the overcrowded classrooms with 60 to 70 students in the primary section tell a different story. Almost every section of every class is in a similar situation. Even though the school works in two shifts there doesn’t seem to be any respite from the ever increasing size of the class.
The overcrowding of classrooms adversely affects the academic standards. It is very difficult for any teacher, howsoever, resourceful to build any rapport or conduct interactive sessions in such large classes. The curriculum is ‘covered’ in a poor manner. The academic values are brushed aside with nonchalance and the sole factor that governs the school authorities is the money that these large numbers rake in.
Will the authorities look into this sad state of affairs and bring an end to this commercialisation of education resulting in falling academic standards?
Yours truly
Ranjan

Question 14:

OPENING OF A POST OFFICE-CUM-TELEGRAPH OFFICE

You are Rama/Ranjan Srinivassan of Gacchibowli, Hyderabad, where there is no post office. Write a letter to the Editor of a national daily drawing the attention of the government to this basic need of the residents of your area. Justify the opening of a post office-cum-telegraph office in your locality in not more than 200 words.
Answer:
Rama Srinivasan
Gacchi Bowli, Hyderabad
10 March, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
Hakimpet, Hyderabad
Sir
Sub: No post office in our locality
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to draw the attention of the government authorities to the following:
(a) Our colony in Gacchi Bowli has more than ten thousand residents.
(b) We do not have basic amenities like post office-cum-telegraph office in our area. We face a lot of inconvenience because of the above and many a time urgent mail is lost due to careless handling. On approaching the sub-post office, we are told that they would not register our complaint. Since ours is a newly established colony, no one is willing to listen to our problem. Our colony is in dire need of a post office.
I am sanguine that the competent authorities will be kind enough to pay heed to our need and open a branch post office in our locality.
Yours truly
Rama Srinivassan

Question 15:

STREET LIGHTS

You are Aakanksha tAbhijeet staying in Kanishka, Cooperative Group Housing Society, Indira Nagar, Mumbai. There are no street lights on the main road leading to this colony. The road gets so dark after seven in the evenings in winter that the possibility of some major accident cannot be ruled out. Write a letter to the Editor of a national daily drawing attention of the government to this serious problem of the residents of Indira Nagar.
Answer:
Aakanksha
123A, Kanishka
Cooperative Group Housing Society
Indira Nagar
Mumbai
7 March, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
Veer Savarkar Marg
Mumbai
Sir
Sub: Kanishka in the dark
Through the columns of your esteemed newspaper, I wish to bring to the notice of the authorities concerned the appalling state of civic amenities in our city.
Our colony has been in darkness with no street light for the last six months. There are no street lights even on the main road leading to this colony. This road gets so dark after seven in the evenings in winter that the possibility of some major accident cannot be ruled out. Moreover, the crime rate has gone up. In fact, it has now become a serious problem to go out especially in winter evenings. The women and children of the locality are the worst sufferers. Even the playtime of the children has been adversely affected as it is now restricted to sunset time.
On behalf of the residents of the colony I request the authorities to wake up and take immediate steps to ensure that street lights are in working orders so that major accidents are averted.
Yours truly
Aakanksha /Abhijeet

Question 16:

NOISE POLLUTION

Write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India, complaining about the noise pollution in your locality drawing the attention of the government to take steps to check the same. Sign as Gaurav/Gauri, Janata Nagar, Ahmedabad.
Answer:
Gaurav
23, Janata Nagar
Ahmedabad
7 October, 20XX
The Editor
The Times of India
Mumbai
Dear Sir
Sub: Noise pollution in Janata Nagar
Your paper brought out a special supplement on the state of noise pollution in our city but nothing worth mentioning has been done since then to reduce the level of noise. During peak hours the noise level crosses 100 decibel mark. It is feared that constant exposure to high level of noise for long periods may not only cause deafness but also induce other diseases like headache, hypertension and blood pressure.
Ours is a posh locality situated in a lush green area. It was the most quiet area in the city. However, for the last one year, there has been a steady increase in noise pollution and it has become intolerable. Even at late night one can hear loudspeakers blaring out marriage songs, jagran bhajans or election speeches. Although high pitched noise is no good for any one, its worst victims are the students whose concentration is disturbed and the people suffering from hypertension and heart related ailments.
Will it be possible for you to invite the attention of the civic authorities towards our plight? Will they impose some curbs and restraints on the use of loudspeakers after 10 pm?
Yours truly
Gaurav /Gauri

TEST YOUR SKILLS

1. In its bid to educate people about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking, the Govt, of India has been taking serious steps to prevent it. A few years ago it ordered all cigarette manufacturing units to insert a statutory warning on cigarette packs. Now it is considering censorship of all national daily giving your own views.
2. Write a letter to the Editor, The New Indian Express drawing attention of the concerned authorities to the misused and poorly maintained subways in Chennai. Give your suggestions. You are Ram/Rani living at 10, Kamraj Street, Chennai.
3. You are Karthik/Krithika of Chennai. Of late, chain-snatching incidents are increasing in the city. Write a letter to the Editor of The New Indian Express Drawing the attention of the concerned authorities. Also give suggestions.
4. You are Anand/Anandi of Mumbai. You are upset to find that the only public garden of your locality has been grabbed by the local self-styled ‘Netas’. Write a letter to the Editor of The Hindu drawing the attention of the government to this unauthorised occupation. (’Word limit: 150 words)
5. You are Amrit/Amritha of Bangalore. You are disturbed at the non-availability of essential commodities in the Fair Price Shops of your area. Write a letter to the Editor of The Hindu drawing the attention of the authorities to the irregularities in the Fair Price Shops. (Word limit: not more than 150 words)
6. You are Rohit/Rohini of Mahatma Gandhi Road, Bangalore. You feel depressed at the poor performance of India at Olympics and feel that poor facilities and the discouraging attitude of the government are the root cause. Write a letter to the Editor, The Times of India expressing your views on how the standard of performances in sports can be improved in India. (Word limit: not more than 150 words)
7. Write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India about the poor attention and the negligence on the part of the medical staff in some of the government hospitals of Chennai. Sign as Peter/Yana of No. 117, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi. (Word limit: not more than 150 words).
8. You are Ranjan/Rajani of 25, Civil Road, Damoh, Bihar. You feel concerned at the gradual decay of historical monuments in India in general and in Bihar in particular. Write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India describing the decay and degeneration that the historical monuments are facing in your state and also suggest some steps to maintain them properly.
9. You are Rakesh Gupta of Durga Colony, Hoshiarpur. There is a wine shop in the vicinity of the famous Durga Temple. The drunkards and riff-raffs create ugly scenes near the holy place. You have written to the local authorities to shift the shop to some other place, but to no avail. Write a letter to the Editor, The Tribune, Chandigarh highlighting the nuisance caused by the drunkards and suggesting ways to overcome the problem.
10. You are Supriya Pathak of Indira Nagar, Benaras. Write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India, New Delhi about the misuse and poor maintenance of public parks in your city.
11. You are Ranjit Singh of 27, Surya Colony, Jaipur. You feel disturbed after reading the news of starvation deaths in villages of Rajasthan. Write a letter to the Editor of The Jaipur Herald drawing his attention to the sufferings of the poor in this year of severe drought and suggesting measures of providing relief to the unfortunate victims.
12. Write a letter to the Editor of The Indian Express about the impact of watching too much television on the health and studies of school going children.
13. You are Nandita Patnaik of 25, Ring Road, Cuttack. You came across an advertisement based on laser technology to help ladies look best. You feel strongly about the dangers inherent in the use of these synthetic chemicals and over exposure of skin to laser beams. Write a letter to the Editor of The Sun, highlighting the possible dangers to the users and suggesting action against the exploiters.
14. Pramod Goel of Shimla is worried that despite a legal ban on trafficking of drugs, a large number of school going youth are becoming drug addicts. Write a letter to the Editor of a local newspaper pointing out the harmful effects of drug addiction and suggesting steps to curb it.
15. You are Aditi/Aditya Verma of 27, Begham Pul, Meerut. A tanning factory is proposed to be set up in the new industrial area just across the playing fields of your school. You feel strongly about this plan as it would prove disastrous for the health of young children as well as other citizens. Your protests to the authorities have borne no fruit. Write a letter to the Editor of The Times of India highlighting the problem and offering suggestions.
16. You are Savita Sen of 23, Rifle Lane, Jhansi. You are worried that in spite of a legal ban on child marriages in the state, thousands of child marriages are performed on ‘Basant Panchami’ day. She writes a letter to the Editor, The Bhopal Times expressing her strong views against child marriage and advocating some immediate steps to arrest this social evil.
17. As a traveller of Blue Line buses in Delhi you are a witness to their rash driving and other problems the passengers have to face daily. Write a letter to the Editor The Indian Express, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi. Sign yourself as Priyanka.
18. As Anjan Malik/Anjana Malik, a resident of Indira Colony, Rohtak, write a letter to the Editor of The Rohtak Times, regarding the long powercuts your colony has to face everyday. Also mention the problems faced by the residents owing to the commercialisation of residential space.
19. You are Sanjeev Mehta, coordinator of your school Literacy Club. You are deeply concerned about the drops out and adult illiterates still living in slums and villages. On behalf of your literacy club write a letter to the Editor of The Hindu, Chennai regarding the need to reach out to the young school drop-outs and the adult illiterates. Also give details of the steps your organisation is taking in this direction.
20. You are Bharat Reddy of 15/1129, Rajiv Nagar, Ananthpur (Andhra Pradesh). Write a letter to the Editor of a national newspaper about the undesirability of primary school kids carrying heavy bags to their school.

More Resources for CBSE Class 12:

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Here we present Globalisation and the Indian Economy Class 10 Important Questions and Answers Pdf Social Science Economics Chapter 4, We have collected all the important questions which came in the previous year’s exams. You can also find Social Science Class 10 Important Questions With Answers Pdf from the year 2010 to 2020 CBSE board exams. These questions will act as extra questions.

Globalisation and the Indian Economy Class 10 Important Questions with Answers Social Science Economics Chapter 4

SocialScienceMathsEnglishHindi AHindi B

2016

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 1.
Differentiate between investment and foreign investment.
Answer:
The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines etc. is called investment whereas investment made by a MNC to buy such assets is called foreign investment.

Question 2.
Why do MNCs set up their offices and factories in those regions where they get cheap labour and other resources?
Answer:
MNCs set up their offices and factories in those regions where they get cheap labour and other resources because they bring down the cost of production and ensure more profits for themselves.

Question 3.
Due to what reason are the latest models of different items available within our reach?
Answer:
Globalisation

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 4
‘Barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent in India since 1991.’ Justify the statement.
Answer:
In 1991, the Indian government decided that the time has come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the world. It felt that foreign competition would improve the quality of goods produced by Indian producers within the country.
Thus, barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. It meant goods could be imported or exported easily and foreign companies could set up factories and offices in India.

Question 5.
“A wide ranging choice of goods are available in the Indian markets.” Support the statement with examples in context of globalisation.
Answer:
The Indian market has been trAnswer:formed in recent years. The consumers have a wide variety of goods and services to choose from, which were not available earlier. For example:

The latest models of mobile phones, television, digital cameras of leading manufacturers and other well known brands of the world are easily available in the markets.
New models of cars and automobiles are launched every season.
The top companies in the world have introduced their popular brands in India for various products like shirts, fruit juices, cosmetics, toys, furniture, stationery etc.
All this has been possible only due to globalisation.

Question 6.
“Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been of advantageous
to consumers.” Justify the statement with examples.
Answer:
Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been of advantageous to consumers in the following ways:

•  Consumers in today’s world have a wide variety of goods and services to choose from. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions made by the leading manufacturers are available to them.
•  Consumers now enjoy better and improved quality at lower prices.
• It has resulted in higher standards of living.
• There has been a varying impact on producers and workers.
•  Many top Indian companies have been able to establish themselves as multi¬national corporations.
•  Latest technology and production methods have raised production standards.

Question 7.
Why had the Indian government put barriers to foreign trade and foreign
investment after independence? Analyse the reasons.
Answer:
The Indian government put barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment after independence because:

(a) It was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.
(b) In 1950s and 1960s, the industries were in nascent stage and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to develop.
(c) Therefore, India allowed the imports of only essential items like machinery, fertilizers, petroleum etc.

Question 8.
Explain by giving examples how Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are spreading their products in different ways.
Answer:
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are spreading their production in different ways. Some of them are:

By buying local companies and, then expanding production. For example, Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, purchased small Indian company, Parakh foods. Cargill Foods is, now, the largest producer of edible oil in India with a capacity making 5 million pouches daily.
By placing orders for production with small producers. Garments, footwears, sports items are examples where production is carried out by small producers for large MNCs around the world.
By producing jointly with some of the local companies. It benefits the local company in two ways.

1. A MNC can provide money for additional investments.
2. A MNC can bring latest technology for production.

For example, Ford Motors set up a large plant near Chennai, in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.

Question 9.
How have our markets been trAnswer:formed? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The advent of globalisation and the policy of liberalization have opened the market to the world players. It has given rise to wide choice of goods and services to the consumer.
MNCs have played a vital role in the world market. Foreign trade and investment in’the country has increased. It has also resulted in exchange of technology between countries. In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers and internet has been changing rapidly.
Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving in IT. Better job opportunities for people have given rise to migration.
Globalisation has also enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals For example, Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have expanded their operations around the world.

Question 10.
How does foreign trade integrates the markets of different countries? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Foreign trade integrates the markets of different countries as:

(a) It provides an opportunity for both producers and consumers to reach beyond the markets of their own country.
(b) Producers now compete with markets located in other countries.
(c) There is an expAnswer:ion of choice of goods beyond the domestic market.
(d) For example, during the Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of buying either Indian or Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. The Chinese manufacturers get the opportunity to expand their business.

Question 11.
How do large companies manipulate the market? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The large companies manipulate the market in the following ways:

•  Sometimes false information is passed on through media and other sources to attract consumers. For example, a company selling powder milk for babies as the most scientific product claiming it to be better than mother’s milk which although was a false claim.
• Some food items were consumed in India for many years although it is very harmful for the health of people. But through attractive and convincing advertisements in media, it was able to control the market such as Maggie noddles manufactured by Nestle was found harmful after testing in India in May 2015.
•  They may also hide the essential information about the product like expiry date, contents, terms and conditions etc. to keep the consumers in dark.
• Sometimes, the expired products are packed in a new packing and again released in the market.
•  It has also been evident that artificial scarcity is created by the producers and
  the product is hoarded for sale in future at a high price. (any three)

Question 12.
“Information and communication technology has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries”. Justify the statement with examples.
Answer:
Information and communication technology has played a major role in spreading out products and services across countries. In recent years, technology in the areas of telecommunication facilities (telegraph, telephone including mobile phone) are used to contact one another around the world.
For example, a news magazine published for London readers is to be designed and printed in India. The text is sent through the internet to Delhi office. Design of the magazine is also sent to Delhi from London office using telecommunication facilities. The design is done on a computer. After printing, the magazines are sent to London by air. The payment for the services from London to Delhi is done instantly through the internet (e-banking).

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 13.
What is globalisation? Describe the role of Multinational Corporatiops (MNCs) in promoting globalisation process.
Answer:
Globalisation meAnswer: integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries under conditions of free flow of trade and capital and movement of persons across borders.
MNCs play an important role in promoting globalisation process in the following ways:

• They serve as agents for the trAnswer:fer of superior technology. They have provided advanced technology, manufacturing process and improved skills to underdeveloped countries.
•  They help in the trAnswer:fer of capital from countries where it is abundant to where it is scarce.
• They help in building up knowledge base and development of human resources, (id) They help in creating large scale employment opportunities by setting up their branches and subsidiaries.
• The operations of MNCs have a favourable effect on the balance of payments account of the host country.

Question 14.
What is trade? Explain the importance of international trade.
Answer:
The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade.
The international trade is important because:

• It helps in exchange of surplus goods with those of deficit countries through foreign trade.
•  It helps in improving the quality of domestic goods.
•  It contributes to the economic growth of the country by raising income level of the people and increasing foreign exchange reserves.
•  It enables a country to import advanced technology of other countries to improve its own production.

Question 15.
Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian economy with examples.
Answer:
The impact of globalisation on Indian economy is as follows:

•  It has created competition among producers, both local and foreign, which is advantageous to the consumers, particularly the well off. Now, there is a greater choice of goods before the consumers.
•  It has enabled many Indian companies to become multi-national companies such as Tate Motors, Infosys and Ranbaxy.
•  It has created new employment opportunities for companies providing services specially information technology. A lot of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks are done cheaply in India and exported to other countries.
•  New jobs are created in industries such as electronics, cell phones, automobiles and fast food.
•  It had a negative impact on small manufacturers. Due to competition, some industries has been hit hard such as batteries, capacitors, plastic toys, vegetable oil etc. A number of units have shut down and a lot of workers, have become jobless.

Question 16.
Describe any five factors that promote the Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
to set up their production units in a particular place.
Answer:
The factors that MNCs take into consideration to set up their production units in a particular place are:

•  where it is close to the markets.
• where the skilled and unskilled labour at low costs is available.
• where the favourable government policies looking after their interest are , present.
•  where the other factors of production such as raw materials, water, electricity and transport are available.
• where there are standard safety measures for assured production.

Question 17.
Describe the major problems created by the globalisation for a large number of small producers and workers.
Answer:
The major problems created by the globalisation for a large number of small producers and workers are:

• The small producers or workers either have to compete or perish.
•  Small scale industries like batteries, capacitors, plastic toys etc. have been hit hard due to global products and have suffered great losses in their businesses.
•  Several small factory units are forced to shut down.
•  Millions of workers have gone jobless and jobs are no longer secure.
•  It has increased income inequalities among various countries.
•  Unorganised sector has expanded. {any five)

2015

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 18.
Why had the Indian Government put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment after independence? State any one reason.
Answer:
To protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.

Question 19.
What is the meaning of investment?
Answer:
The money that is spent to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipments is called investment.

Question 20.
What is meant by trade barrier?
Answer:
It refers to the various restrictions which are used by the government of a country to increase or decrease foreign trade such as tax on imports.

Question 21.
Why did the Indian government remove barriers to a large extent on foreign trade and foreign investment?
Answer:
The Indian government realised that its domestic industries had established themselves and it was the proper time to face competition and improve the quality of production. So, barriers on foreign trade and investment were removed.

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 22.
In recent years how our markets have been trAnswer:formed? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The advent of globalisation and the policy of liberalization have opened the market to the world players. It has given rise to wide choice of goods and services to the consumer.
MNCs have played a vital role in the world market. Foreign trade and investment in’the country has increased. It has also resulted in exchange of technology between countries. In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers and internet has been changing rapidly.
Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving in IT. Better job opportunities for people have given rise to migration.
Globalisation has also enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals For example, Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have expanded their operations around the world.
Question 23.
“Foreign trade integrates the markets in different countries.” Support the statement with arguments.
Answer:
Foreign trade integrates the markets of different countries as:

(a) It provides an opportunity for both producers and consumers to reach beyond the markets of their own country.
(b) Producers now compete with markets located in other countries.
(c) There is an expansion of choice of goods beyond the domestic market.
(d) For example, during the Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of buying either Indian or Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. The Chinese manufacturers get the opportunity to expand their business.

Question 24.
“Technology has stimulated the globalisation process.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
Technology has stimulated the process of globalisation in the following ways:

• Transportation technology has witnessed several improvements in past fifty years. This has made much faster delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs, such as use of containers have led to huge reduction in port handling costs and increased the speed with which exports can reach markets. Also, the cost of air trAnswer:port has fallen. Ultimately, it has stimulated the globalisation process.
• Telecommunication has also shown remarkable development. Computers, internet, e-mail, voice-mail, etc. are used intensively to contact one another around the world.
• There has been a remarkable development in information and communication technology. It has enabled to access information instantly and communicate even in the remotest areas. Call centres use this to satisfy their customers abroad or provide outsourcing services from anywhere.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 25.
How are Multinational Corporations (MNCs) controlling and spreading their productions across the world? Explain.
Answer:
The ways in which MNCs controlling and spreading their productions across the world are:

• By directly setting up factories and offices for production.
•  By setting up production jointly with some of the local companies of other countries.
•  By buying up local companies and then expand productioit
• By placing orders for production with small producers of the countries such as garments, footwear.
•  By buying mass produced goods of domestic industries and, then sell it under their own brand name at much higher rates in foreign countries.

Question 26.
How do the large companies manipulate the market? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The large companies manipulate the market in the following ways:

•  Sometimes false information is passed on through media and other sources to attract consumers. For example, a company selling powder milk for babies as the most scientific product claiming it to be better than mother’s milk which although was a false claim.
•  Some food items were consumed in India for many years although it is very harmful for the health of people. But through attractive and convincing advertisements in media, it was able to control the market such as Maggie noddles manufactured by Nestle was found harmful after testing in India in May 2015.
• They may also hide the essential information about the product like expiry date, contents, terms and conditions etc. to keep the consumers in dark.
•  Sometimes, the expired products are packed in a new packing and again released in the market.
• It has also been evident that artificial scarcity is created by the producers and the product is hoarded for sale in future at a high price

Question 27.
“Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been advantageous to consumers.” Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
Globalisation and greater competition among producers has been of advantageous to consumers in the following ways:

•  Consumers in today’s world have a wide variety of goods and services to choose from. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions made by the leading manufacturers are available to them.
•  Consumers now enjoy better and improved quality at lower prices.
•  It has resulted in higher standards of living.
•  There has been a varying impact on producers and workers.
•  Many top Indian companies have been able to establish themselves as multi¬national corporations.
• Latest technology and production methods have raised production standards.

Question 28.
“Fair globalisation would create opportunities for all and also ensure that benefits of globalisation are shared better.” Support the statement.
Answer:
The government can take the following steps to ensure better sharing benefits of fair globalisation.

• The labour laws should be implemented properly and they should get their due rights.
• The small producers should be supported to improve their performance.
•  It should use trade and investment barriers efficiently.
•  It should negotiate at the WTO for fairer rules.
•  It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the domination of developed countries in the WTO.

2014

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 29.
How has information and communication technology stimulated globalisation process? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Information and communication technology has stimulated the globalisation process as: 

• In recent years, technology in the areas of computers, telecommunication and internet has been changed rapidly.
•  Telecommunication facilitates including telegraph, telephone, mobile phone, fax are used to contact one another around the world and to get information instantly and to communicate from remote areas.
•  All this has been facilitated by satellite communication devices.
•  Computers and internet have enabled people to obtain and share information
  on any subject.

Question 30.
Why had Indian government put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment after independence? Explain.
Answer:
The Indian government put barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment after independence because:

• It was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.
•  In 1950s and 1960s, the industries were in nascent stage and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to develop.
• Therefore, India allowed the imports of only essential items like machinery, fertilizers, petroleum etc.

Question 31. 
Why have the barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment been removed to a large extent by the Indian government? Explain.
Answer:
In 1991, the Indian government decided that the time has come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the world. It felt that foreign competition would improve the quality of goods produced by Indian producers within the country.
Thus, barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment were removed to a large extent. It meant goods could be imported or exported easily and foreign companies could set up factories and offices in India.
Question 32.
How have markets been transformed is recent years? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The advent of globalisation and the policy of liberalization have opened the market to the world players. It has given rise to wide choice of goods and services to the consumer.
MNCs have played a vital role in the world market. Foreign trade and investment in’the country has increased. It has also resulted in exchange of technology between countries. In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers and internet has been changing rapidly.
Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving in IT. Better job opportunities for people have given rise to migration.
Globalisation has also enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals For example, Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have expanded their operations around the world.
Question 33
How are Multinational Corporations spreading their products? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are spreading their production in different ways. Some of them are:

• By buying local companies and, then expanding production. For example, Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, purchased small Indian company, Parakh foods. Cargill Foods is, now, the largest producer of edible oil in India with a capacity making 5 million pouches daily.
•  By placing orders for production with small producers. Garments, footwears, sports items are examples where production is carried out by small producers for large MNCs around the world.
•  By producing jointly with some of the local companies. It benefits the local company in two ways.

1. A MNC can provide money for additional investments.
2.  A MNC can bring latest technology for production.

For example, Ford Motors set up a large plant near Chennai, in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
Question 34
How did ‘Cargill Foods’ become the largest producer of edible oils in India? Explain.
Answer:
Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, bought Parakh foods, which had a large marketing network in many parts of India. It was a well reputed company. It had four oil refineries, whose control passed to Cargill Foods. Cargill Foods is, now, the largest producer of edible oil in India, with a capacity of making 5 million pouches daily.

Question 35.
Why did Ford Motors want to develop Ford India as a component supplying base for its other plants across the globe? Explain.
Answer:
Ford Motors wanted to develop Ford India as a component supplying base for its other plants across the globe because:

• Ford Motors was selling 27,000 cars in the Indian market and 24,000 cars were exported from India to South Africa, Mexico and Brazil. India was making components and know how to produce them, so they could be easily manufactured and sent across the globe.
•  Sending components from India to other plants will reduce the time in manufacturing the components and the orders could be placed immediately.
• Same plants would not need to be set up at all locations.

Question 36.
How does foreign trade connect the markets of different countries? Explain with example.
Answer:
Foreign trade integrates the markets of different countries as:

• It provides an opportunity for both producers and consumers to reach beyond the markets of their own country.
•  Producers now compete with markets located in other countries.
•  There is an expansion of choice of goods beyond the domestic market.
•  For example, during the Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of buying either Indian or Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. The Chinese manufacturers get the opportunity to expand their business.

Question 37.
“The impact of globalisation has not been visualised uniformly among producers and workers.” Support the statement with facts.
Answer:
Everyone has not benefitted from globalisation. While people with education, skill and wealth have made the best use of the opportunities offered by globalisation, the others have not shared the benefits. While producers have become MNCs, the workers are facing many problems.
Globalisation and competition among producers have changed the life of the workers. Most employers want to employ workers flexibly which meAnswer: jobs are no longer secure. Earlier workers were employed permanently. Now, they employ the workers temporarily, when there is pressure of work, otherwise they are dismissed.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 38.
Explain the role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in the globalisation process.
Answer:
MNCs play an important role in the process of globalisation as:

• They not only bring their products to a country but also the new business policies and cultures.
•  They also help in increasing competitiveness among the Indian companies.
•  At present, most of us are able to use the latest models of cars and this could be possible only because of globalisation.
•  The setting up of large number of MNCs develops broad outlook among the people of a country.
•  MNCs have increased the choices of consumers at a very substantial price. This has further increase their standard of living.

Question 39.
“Globalisation has been advantageous to both consumers as well as producers.” Support the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:
Advantages of globalisation for consumers:

•  They have greater choice.
•  Better quality of products are available for consumption due to competition.
•  It has reduced the cost of goods and services considerably.

Advantages of globalisation to producers:

• They now have access to international markets for their products.
•  They have easier access to foreign investment to enhance their production, (c) Collaboration with MNCs have added up their performance and profits.

2013

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 40.
How do multinational companies manage to keep the cost of production of their goods low? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The multinational companies manage to keep the cost of production of their goods low in the following ways:

•  They set up production jointly with some of the local companies of these countries. For example, Ford Motors spent  21700 crores to set up a large plant near Chennai in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra. In India, labour and trAnswer:portation cost is very low which cuts down the cost of production.
•  They buy up local companies and expand production. For exarflple, Cargill Foods, a large American MNC bought Parakh Foods. The company got ready made infrastructure. As production increases, cost comes down.
•  They place orders for production with small producers. They purchase garments, footwear, sports goods and sell them under their brand name.

Question 41.
How are local companies benefited by collaborating with multinational companies? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The local companies are benefited by collaborating with multinational companies in the following ways:

• They provide money to the local companies for additional investments like buying new machines to replace the old ones.
•  They bring the latest technology for production.
• They may build new stores and office buildings, thus providing employees with modern surroundings.

Question 42.
Explain any three ways in which multinational companies are spreading their production.
Answer:
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are spreading their production in different ways. Some of them are:

• By buying local companies and, then expanding production. For example, Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, purchased small Indian company, Parakh foods. Cargill Foods is, now, the largest producer of edible oil in India with a capacity making 5 million pouches daily.
• By placing orders for production with small producers. Garments, footwears, sports items are examples where production is carried out by small producers for large MNCs around the world.
•  By producing jointly with some of the local companies. It benefits the local company in two ways.

1. A MNC can provide money for additional investments.
2. A MNC can bring latest technology for production.

For example, Ford Motors set up a large plant near Chennai, in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks
Question 43.
What is foreign trade? How does it integrate markets? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Trade between two countries is called foreign trade. It may take plate through sea, air or land. It creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond domestic markets.
Foreign trade integrates the markets of different countries as:

• It provides an opportunity for both producers and consumers to reach beyond the markets of their own country.
•  Producers now compete with markets located in other countries.
• There is an expansion of choice of goods beyond the domestic market.
•  For example, during the Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of buying either Indian or Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. The Chinese manufacturers get the opportunity to expand their business.

Question 44.
What is globalisation? How does globalisation help in interconnection among
different countries? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Globalisation meAnswer: integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries under conditions of free flow of trade, capital and movement of persons across borders.
Globalisation interconnect different countries by:

• Foreign trade. It leads to integration of markets across countries due to which the latest models of goods like digital cameras, mobile phones and televisions etc. are available in one country.
• Foreign investment. MNCs invest capital in different countries by
•  jointly producing with local companies.
• buying the local companies.
•  placing orders for production like garments footwear, sports goods etc. with small producers of other countries.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 45.
How have our markets been trAnswer:formed in recent years? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The advent of globalisation and the policy of liberalization have opened the market to the world players. It has given rise to wide choice of goods and services to the consumer.
MNCs have played a vital role in the world market. Foreign trade and investment in’the country has increased. It has also resulted in exchange of technology between countries. In recent times, technology in the areas of telecommunications, computers and internet has been changing rapidly.
Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving in IT. Better job opportunities for people have given rise to migration.
Globalisation has also enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinationals For example, Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy have expanded their operations around the world.

Question 46.
How has improvement in technology stimulated the globalisation process? Explain.
Answer:
The improvement in technology has stimulated the globalisation process as:

• There has been many improvements in trAnswer:port technology in the recent years that have enabled faster delivery of goods across the world.
•  Development of information technology in the areas of telecommunication like internet has revolutionised the world.
•  Use of telegraph, mobiles, fax have enabled faster and easier access to information anywhere at any point of time.
•  All these developments have further decreased the cost of their operations favouring the consumers around the world.
•  It has opened up horizons for further advancement, research and development of existing means.

Question 47.
How has globalisation benefited India? Explain with five examples.
Answer:
The impact of globalisation on India are:

•  It has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as MNCs such as Tata Motors, Infosys.
• It has also created new opportunities for companies providing services like information technology.
• Greater competition among producers has been of special advantage particularly to the well-off sections of consumers in the urban areas. They have greater choice and enjoy improved quality and lower prices for various products. Thus, they are enjoying a higher standard of living.
•  In these industries and services, new jobs have been created and also the companies supplying raw materials to these industries have prospered.
•  Several of the top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition. They have invested in new technology and production methods and raised the standard of their products. Some of them have gained from successful collaboration with foreign companies.

Question 48.
How is the Government of India trying to attract more foreign investment? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The government of India is trying to attract more foreign investment in the following ways:

• Government has adopted the policy of liberalisation and lifted the trade barriers to allow foreign investment.
•  In recent years, industrial zones called Special Economic Zones are being
  set up. These areas have world class facilities such as electricity, water, trAnswer:port, education and recreational.
• The companies setting up production units in Special Economic Zones are exempted from various taxes and duties.
• The government also allowed flexibility in labour laws. The workers in the organised sector are protected by the government laws. The companies in Special Economic Zones instead could ignore many of the laws and engage workers flexibly for shorter periods, when there is a pressure of work.

2012

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 49.
How are MNCs spreading their production across countries? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are spreading their production in different ways. Some of them are:

• By buying local companies and, then expanding production. For example, Cargill Foods, a very large American MNC, purchased small Indian company, Parakh foods. Cargill Foods is, now, the largest producer of edible oil in India with a capacity making 5 million pouches daily.
•  By placing orders for production with small producers. Garments, footwears, sports items are examples where production is carried out by small producers for large MNCs around the world.
•  By producing jointly with some of the local companies. It benefits the local company in two ways.

1.  A MNC can provide money for additional investments.
2. A MNC can bring latest technology for production.

For example, Ford Motors set up a large plant near Chennai, in collaboration with Mahindra and Mahindra, a major Indian manufacturer of jeeps and trucks.
Question 50.
What would happen if Government of India puts heavy tax on import of Chinese toys? Explain any three points.
Answer:
If Government of India puts heavy tax on import of Chinese toys, then

(a) the Chinese toys will become expensive and may be people will not buy them and, thus, the Chinese toys will loose their market in India.
(b) people in India, will buy local made goods (toys) and the local industries will get a boost and their sale will also go up.
(c) as there would be greater demand of Indian goods, the Indian, manufacturers, then, will earn more profits and workers will get more employment.

Question 51.
How has foreign trade been integrating markets of different countries in the world? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Foreign trade integrates the markets of different countries as:

• It provides an opportunity for both producers and consumers to reach beyond the markets of their own country.
•  Producers now compete with markets located in other countries.
•  There is an expansion of choice of goods beyond the domestic market.
•  For example, during the Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of buying either Indian or Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. The Chinese manufacturers get the opportunity to expand their business.

Question 52.
What is the main aim of World Trade Organisation? Explain its functions.
Answer:
The main aim of World Trade Organisation is to liberalise international trade. It says that all barriers to foreign trade and investment are harmful. There should be no barriers.
The main functions of World Trade Organisation are:

•  It establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that they are obeyed.
•  It provides a platform to member countries to decide future strategies related to trade.
•  It administers the rules and processes related to dispute settlement.
•  It ensures optimum utilisation of world resources. .
•  It assists international organisations such as IMF and 1BPD for establishing coherence in Universal Economic Policy determination. \

Question 53.
How has globalisation been advantageous to both the producers as well as the consumers in India? Explain.
Answer:
Advantages of globalisation for consumers:

• They have greater choice.
•  Better quality of products are available for consumption due to competition.
•  It has reduced the cost of goods and services considerably.

Advantages of globalisation to producers:

•  They now have access to international markets for their products.
•  They have easier access to foreign investment to enhance their production,
•  Collaboration with MNCs have added up their performance and profits.

Long Answer Type Questions [4/5 Marks]

Question 54.
Explain four ways in which globalisation and pressure of competition has changed the lives of workers substantially.
Answer:
Globalisation and pressure of competition has affected the workers in following ways:

• Casual workers are hired oh contract when demand is high and laid off when demand declines.
• There is no job security among workers.
• They have long working hours and work in the night shifts on a regular basis during peak seasons.
• They are not given any benefits of pension, overtime, medical leaves etc.

Question 55
“Information and communication technology has played a major role in spreading out products and services across countries.” Support the statement.
Answer:
Information and communication technology has played a major role in spreading out products and services across countries. In recent years, technology in the areas of telecommunication facilities (telegraph, telephone including mobile phone) are used to contact one another around the world.
For example, a news magazine published for London readers is to be designed and printed in India. The text is sent through the internet to Delhi office. Design of the magazine is also sent to Delhi from London office using telecommunication facilities. The design is done on a computer. After printing, the magazines are sent to London by air. The payment for the services from London to Delhi is done instantly through the internet (e-banking).

2011

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 56
Explain any three conditions that determine MNCs setting up production in other countries.
Answer:
The factors that MNCs take into consideration to set up their production units in a particular place are:

• where it is close to the markets.
•  where the skilled and unskilled labour at low costs is available.
•  where the favourable government policies looking after their interest are , present.
•  where the other factors of production such as raw materials, water, electricity and transport are available.
• where there are standard safety measures for assured production.

Question 57
Explain the role of government in- making globalisation fair.
Answer:
Government can play an important role in making globalisation fair in the following ways:

•  Policies should be made in such a way that they protect the interests of not only the rich and prosperous producers but also the workers.
•  Labour laws should be properly implemented favouring the workers so that their basic rights like sustainable wages, better working conditions, health etc. are not hampered.
•  Efforts should be made to protect the small producers from international competition and prepare a stage for their survival.

Question 58.
What is the meaning of SEZ? Mention any two features of SEZ. SEZ meAnswer: Special Economic Zones. These are designated areas in a region set up by the government to attract foreign companies to invest in their countries.
Answer:
The features of Special Economic Zones are:

•  The companies who set up production units in these areas are exempted from paying taxes for an initial period of five years.
•  These areas are provided with best infrastructural facilities like roads, water, trAnswer:portation, communication, markets etc.

Question 59.
How do large companies often manipulate the markets? Explain with an example.
Answer:
The large companies manipulate the market in the following ways:

• Sometimes false information is passed on through media and other sources to attract consumers. For example, a company selling powder milk for babies as the most scientific product claiming it to be better than mother’s milk which although was a false claim.
•  Some food items were consumed in India for many years although it is very harmful for the health of people. But through attractive and convincing advertisements in media, it was able to control the market such as Maggie noddles manufactured by Nestle was found harmful after testing in India in May 2015.
• They may also hide the essential information about the product like expiry date, contents, terms and conditions etc. to keep the consumers in dark.
•  Sometimes, the expired products are packed in a new packing and again released in the market.
• It has also been evident that artificial scarcity is created by the producers and
  the product is hoarded for sale in future at a high price.

Question 60.
Give the meaning of WTO. Mention any two shortcomings of WTO. Answer: WTO stands for World Trade Organisation which was started at the initiative of developed countries to liberalise international trade.
Answer:
The shortcomings of WTO are:

•  It is dominated by the developed countries who manipulate its policies to favour their interest, thus ignoring the developing countries.
• It was supposed to allow free trade, but the developed countries have unfairly retained trade barriers whereas it forced the developing countries to remove the trade barriers.

Question 61.
Explain any three advantages of globalisation.
Answer:
The advantages of globalisation are:

• Resources of different countries are used for producing goods and services more efficiently.
•  Consumers get much wider variety of goods to choose from.
• Consumers get the goods they want at most competitive prices.
•  Companies get access to much wider markets. (any three)

Question 62.
What is a trade barrier? Wliy did the Indian government put trade barriers after Independence? Explain.
Answer:
Trade barriers are the restrictions that are imposed by the government on free import and export activities so as to protect its producers and entrepreneurs.
The Indian government put barriers on foreign trade and foreign investment after independence because:

•  It was considered necessary to protect the producers within the country from foreign competition.
• In 1950s and 1960s, the industries were in nascent stage and competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to develop.
• Therefore, India allowed the imports of only essential items like machinery, fertilizers, petroleum etc.

Question 63.
Explain with three examples how top Indian companies have benefitted from globalisation.
Answer:
The top Indian companies have benefitted from globalisation in the following ways:

• They have been able to survive in the international competition.
•  They have invested in newer technology and production methods and raised their production standards.
•  They also have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies.
•  Many of them have emerged as multinationals themselves such as Tata Motors and Asian Paints.
•  It has provided them new opportunities for expAnswer:ion and value addition of their services. (any three)

Question 64.
What are the harmful effects of MNCs to a host country? Give three examples.
Answer:
The harmful impacts of MNCs to a host country are:

•  They can hamper the growth of local industries by giving them tough competition.
•  They generally use capital intensive techniques which may not be suitable for a developing country like India, where unemployment is a big problem.
• They may misuse the environment of the host country by over exploiting its natural resources.

Question 65.
What has been the impact of globalisation on India? Explain.
Answer:
The impact of globalisation on Indian economy is as follows:

•  It has created competition among producers, both local and foreign, which is advantageous to the consumers, particularly the well off. Now, there is a greater choice of goods before the consumers.
•  It has enabled many Indian companies to become multi-national companies such as Tate Motors, Infosys and Ranbaxy.
• It has created new employment opportunities for companies providing services specially information technology. A lot of services such as data entry, accounting, administrative tasks are done cheaply in India and exported to other countries.
• New jobs are created in industries such as electronics, cell phones, automobiles and fast food.
•  It had a negative impact on small manufacturers. Due to competition, some industries has been hit hard such as batteries, capacitors, plastic toys, vegetable oil etc. A number of units have shut down and a lot of workers, have become jobless.

Question 66.
What are the benefits of foreign trade to producers and consumers?
Answer:
The benefits of foreign trade to producers and consumers are:

• It created an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets, i.e., markets of their own countries.
• It gave consumers a wider choice of good quality goods.
• It helps every country to make optimum utilisation of its natural resources.
•  It integrates markets and allows international exchange of ideas.
•  It brings in new technology and expertise. Producers use it for production and are able to compete in the international market. (any three)

Question 67. 
Explain the role of information technology in globalisation.
Answer:
Information and communication technology has stimulated the globalisation process as:

•  In recent years, technology in the areas of computers, telecommunication and internet has been changed rapidly.
•  Telecommunication facilitates including telegraph, telephone, mobile phone, fax are used to contact one another around the world and to get information instantly and to communicate from remote areas.
•  All this has been facilitated by satellite communication devices.
•  Computers and internet have enabled people to obtain and share information
  on any subject.

Question 68.
How has trAnswer:portation technology stimulated the globalisation process? Explain with suitable examples.
Answer:
Transportation technology has stimulated the globalisation process in the following ways:

• Faster trains connecting every nook and corner of a country and faster planes that cover the distance within a few hours have enabled the faster delivery of goods.
• Improvements done in trAnswer:portation technology in the past fifty years have also helped in the quick movement of goods. For example, containers carrying goods have led to huge reduction in port handling costs and an increased speed, with which exports can reach markets.
• Reduced cost of air trAnswer:port has enabled much greater volumes of goods being trAnswer:ported by airlines.

2010

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

Question 69.
In which two different forms do we participate in the market?
Answer:
We participate in the market as producers and consumers.

Question 70.
What is multinational corporation?
Answer:
A multinational corporation is a company that owns or controls the production of its goods in more than one country.

Question 71.
Define the term investment.
Answer:
An investment is an asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income in future.

Question 72.
Give the meaning of globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation means integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries under conditions of free flow of trade, capital and movement of persons across borders.

Short Answer Type Question [3 Marks]

Question 73. 
Explain how globalisation can be made fairer.
Answer:
Globalisation can be made fairer in the following ways:

•  Policies should be made in such a way that they protect the interests of not only the rich and prosperous producers but also the workers.
• The government can negotiate with World Trade Organisation for fairer rules and can align with developing countries to stand against the domination of developed countries.
• Equal space should be provided to both developed and developing economies to explore the market and compete.

Long Answer Type Questions [4/5 Marks]

Question 74. 
Explain the role of technology in stimulating globalisation process.
Answer:
The improvement in technology has stimulated the globalisation process as:

•  There has been many improvements in transport technology in the recent years that have enabled faster delivery of goods across the world.
•  Development of information technology in the areas of telecommunication like internet has revolutionised the world.
•  Use of telegraph, mobiles, fax have enabled faster and easier access to information anywhere at any point of time.
•  All these developments have further decreased the cost of their operations favouring the consumers around the world.
• It has opened up horizons for further advancement, research and development of existing means.

Question 75.
Explain any four ways by which MNCs exercise control on production.
Answer:
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) exercise control on production in the following ways:

• By setting up their factories or production units close to markets where they can get desired type of skilled or unskilled labour at low cost along with other factors of production.
•  By collaborating with existing local companies of a country.
• By buying the local companies and then expand or control its production with the help of modern technology and capital.
•  By placing orders to small producers and selling these products under their own brand name to the customers worldwide.

Question 76.
How is foreign trade inter-connecting the markets in different countries? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Foreign trade is the main channel which connects the markets of various countries.
It leads to integration of markets across the countries in following ways:

• It creates opportunities for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets or the markets of their own countries such as Tata Motors and Ranbaxy of India have emerged as multinational corporations.
• Import of goods from various countries provides choice of goods for consumers beyond the goods that are produced domestically. Availability of foreign goods like television, mobiles etc. has increased the choice of the consumers.
• Producers of different countries compete with each other although they are thousands of miles away.
•  It results in bringing down the prices of commodities which further leads to increase in production and supply. Thus, people have access to cheap products which were costlier earlier.

 

Here we present Nationalism in India Class 10 Important Questions and Answers Pdf Social Science History Chapter 3, We have collected all the important questions which came in the previous year exams. You can also find Social Science Class 10 Important Questions With Answers Pdf from the year 2010 to 2020 CBSE board exams. These questions will act as extra questions.

Nationalism in India Class 10 Important Questions with Answers Social Science History Chapter 3

We have collected these questions year wise and marks wise.

Class 10 Important Questions for Social Science

2016

Nationalism in india class 10 important questions Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 1.
Who had designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’ by 1921? Explain the main features of the ‘Swaraj Flag’.
Answer:
By 1921, Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj Flag. The main features of this flag were as follows.

• It was a tricolour (saffron, green and white).
• It had a spinning wheel in the centre, representing the Gandhian ideal of self-help.

Question 2.
‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement.’ Support the statement with examples.
Answer:
The Civil Disobedience Movement differed from the Non-Cooperation Movement in the following ways.

Question 3.
What type of flag was designed during the Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal? Explain its main features.
Answer:

• During the ‘Swadeshi Movement’ in Bengal, a tricolour flag (red, green and yellow) was designed.Nationalism in India 39
• It had eight lotuses, representing eight provinces of British India.
• It also had a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims.

Question 4.
‘The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.’ Support the statement with arguments.
Answer:
The plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. This statement can be supported by the following arguments.

• For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and to retain a link with the native village.
• When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement thousands of workers left the plantations and headed home.
• They believed that Gandhi Raj meant that they would be given land in their own villages.
  However, due to steamer and railway strike, thousands were stranded on the way. .

Question 5.
Why did different social groups join the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain.
Answer:
Different social groups joined the Civil Disobedience Movement. Three of them are listed below.

• Rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh – joined the movement because, being producers of commercial crops, they were hard-hit by depression and falling prices. For them, Swaraj meant struggle against high revenues.
• Poor peasants joined the struggle because they found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to be remitted.
• Rich business classes were against colonial policies which restricted trade. They joined the movement because they wanted protection against import of foreign goods. They thought that Swaraj would cancel colonial restrictions and trade would flourish without constraints.

Question 6.
Simon Commission was greeted with slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ at arrival in India. Support this reaction of Indians with arguments
Answer:

• Simon Commission was to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The Commission tjid not have a single Indian member. They were all British. According to Indians, the commission did not hold any hopes for further constitutional reforms.
• Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. It was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon’ and black flags.
• All parties including the Congress and Muslim League, participated in the demonstrations.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 7.
Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919? How was it organized?
Answer:
Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act of 1919 because of the following reasons.

• In 1919, Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed by the Imperial Legislative Council.
• Indian members unitedly opposed it.
• The Act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.
• The Act deprived the Indians of their civil rights.
  It was organised in the following ways:
• Gandhiji wanted a non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws.
• It started with hartal on 6th April 1919.
• Rallies were organised in various cities in India.
• Workers in the railway work shop went on strike.
• Shops were closed down in protest.

Question 8.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation? Explain.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi found in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the nation.

• On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to the Viceroy Irwin, stating eleven demands. The most important demand was to abolish the salt tax.
• Salt is consumed by all sections of the society, by the rich and the poor alike.
• It is one of the most essential items of food.
• Mahatma Gandhi declared that tax on salt and government monopoly
  over its production was the most oppressive step taken by the British government.
• Mahatma Gandhi choose salt because all sections of the society could identify with it and everyone could be brought into a united struggle.

Question 9.
How did variety of cultural processes play an important role in making nationalismin India. Explain with examples.
Answer:
Variety of cultural processes played an important role in making of nationalism , in India in the following ways:

• The sense of collective belonging inculcated the spirit of nationalism among the people. History and fiction, folklore and songs and popular prints and symbols played an important part in the making of nationalism.
• Bharat mata as identity of the nation: In the twentieth century, various images of Bharat mata, came to light. It represented India. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, who had written Vande mataram as a hymn dedicated to the motherland, created the first image of Bharat mata. Abanindranath Tagore portrayed Bharat mata, as a calm, composed and spiritual figure. It was influenced by the Swadeshi movement.
• Folklore to restore a sense of pride: Rabindranath Tagore revived folk songs, folk tales, hymns, legends and stories. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a collection of Tamil folktales the Folklore of southern India.
• Flags as identity of the Nation: During the Swadeshi Movement flags were carried to create a sense of national belonging. Carrying the flag and holding it aloft during marches became a symbol of defiance.
• Reinterpretation of History: Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. Many Indians wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times, when art and architecture, mathematics and science flourished. They urged the readers to take pride in their glorious past.

Question 10.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement because of the following reasons.

• The British got worried by the developments of Civil Disobedience Movement ‘ and started the arrest of various top Congress leaders.
• This led to violent clashes in many parts of the country.
• When Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested from Peshawar, angry crowd demonstrated in the streets facing armoured cars and police firing many were killed.
• The arrest of Gandhiji led to the attacks on police force, municipal buildings and law courts by industrial workers in Sholapur.
• Colonial government got frightened and responded with the policy of brutal repression.
• At many places, Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and about one lakh people were arrested. It was under these circumstances, Gandhiji called off the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 11.
Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension? Explain.
Answer:
Gandhiji relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement with great apprehension because of the following reasons.

• The negotiations at the second Round Table conference in London ended in a failure.
• Back in India, the government had again begun the cycle of repression.
• Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were in jail.
• Congress was declared an illegal organisation.
• A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. For over a year, the movement continued, but by 1934, it lost its momentum.

Question 12.
How did Civil Disobedience Movement come into force in various parts of the country? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The different social groups which participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement were:

• In the countryside, the rich peasant communities like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh took active part in the movement. They were hard hit by trade depression and falling prices and were unable to pay the governments revenue demand. For them Swaraj meant struggle against high revenue.
• As depression continued poor peasantry found it difficult to pay the rent. They joined a variety of radical movements often led by socialists and communists.
• Indian merchants and industrialists resented colonial policies which restricted trade. They were against imports of foreign goods. When the civil disobedience movement was first launched, they gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported cloth. To organise business interests, they formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
• Some workers participated in the movement with their selective approach adopted from Gandhian ideas to protest against low wages and poor working conditions. There were strikes by railway workers and dockyard workers. Thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
• Women joined the Civil Disobedience Movement in large number. They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

Question 13.
How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities? Explain.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement started in December 1920. People from various social groups participated in the movement.

• The movement started with the participation of middle-class in the cities. Thousands of students left the government-controlled schools and colleges, teachers resigned and lawyers gave up their practice. It was to be a non¬violent movement.
• In Awadh, peasants movement started against talukdars and landlords who demanded high rents and other cesses from peasants.
• In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement started in the early 1920. It was started against the colonial government, which had closed large forest gates, preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle or to collect firewood and fruits.
• For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of their confined place, which was not permitted under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859.
• In many places, nai-dobhi bandhs were organised to deprive landlords of the services of barbers and washerman.

Question 14.
How did the ‘First World War’ create new economic and political situations in India? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The First World War created a new economic and political situation and posed the following problems in India.

• It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by increasing taxes on Indians.
• Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced.
• Continuous price rise caused extreme hardship to the common people.
• Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers by forced recruitment in rural areas which caused widespread anger. All this was aggravated by failure of crop and famine.
• Between 1918 and 1921 crops failed, which further aggravated the anger.
• Shortage of essential commodities was the natural outcome of war as industries were geared to produce goods to fulfil war needs.

Question 15.
How had Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside? Explain.
Answer:
Non-Cooperation Movement began in December 1920. It spread to the countryside in the following ways.

• In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra. Here, the movement was against talukdars, who charged high rents and peasants had to do begar.
• The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue and abolition of begar. By the end of 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and others had formed Oudh Kisan Sabha. So after the beginning of the Non- Cooperation.Movement, Congress wanted to integrate the *Awadh peasants struggle into a wider struggle.
• Tribal peasants interpreted the message of Gandhiji and idea of swaraj in their own way. In Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement was organised against colonial oppression under the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju. He was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement.
• The Gudem rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj.
• The movement also spread among the plantation workers in Assam. They were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission.

2015

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 16.
Why did Mahatma Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
Refer to answer 7

Question 17.
“The Congress was reluctant to include the demands of industrial workers in its programme of struggle.” Analyse the reasons.
Answer:

• Congress wanted to include the demands of the masses as a whole and not a particular group or class.
• If the demand of the workers were included, then industrialists would get offended. The industrialists were supporting the Congress financially. The Congress did not want to alienate the industrialists and create anti-imperialist feelings.
• A big portion of the Congress membership and funding came from industrialists apd small businessmen.

Question 18.
Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities? Explain.
Answer:
The Non-Cooperation Movement slowed down in the cities for various reasons.

• Khadi cloth was often more expensive than mass-produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. So people could not boycott mill cloth for very long.
• Similarly boycotting British institutions also posed a problem as there were no alternative national institutions to fulfil the educational needs.
• The students and teachers trickled to government schools. The lawyers joined government courts.
  With all these, the enthusiasm of people in the cities lost its force.

Question 19.
Why did Mahatma Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922? Explain the reasons.
Answer:
Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 because of the following reasons.

• Gandhiji felt the movement was turning violent at many places and the satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for the mass struggle.
• Within the Congress some leaders were by now tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate in the elections to the provincial councils set up after by the Government of India Act 1919.
• The final blow however came after the violent incident in Chauri Chaura in 1922 when a violent mob burnt a police station killing many policemen. Immediately after that, Gandhiji called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 20.
Describe the main features of ‘Poona Pact’.
Answer:
At the second Round Table conference, Dr BR Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for dalits. When the British conceded Dr Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji, who was opposed to this, went on a fast unto death. He believed that separate electorates for dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position by signing a pact in 1932, known as the Poona Pact. The Poona Pact gave the depressed classes reserved seats in the provincial and legislative councils but they were to be voted by general electorate.

Question 21.
How did Salt March become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain.
Answer:
Salt became an effective tool of resistance against colonialism because of the following reasons:

• Gandhiji found in salt a powerful bond that would unite the nations as it – was consumed by all rich and poor alike.
• Gandhiji’s letter to Viceroy Irwin stated eleven demands. Most of them were of general interest but the most stirring was to abolish the salt tax imposed by the colonial government.
• Irwin’s unwillingness to negotiate forced Gandhiji to start his salt March which was joined by thousands. It developed the feeling of nationalism.
• People in different parts of the country broke salt law and manufactured salt and demonstrated infront of government salt factories.
• People unitedly followed Gandhiji’s words. They refused to pay taxes, revenues, picketed liquor shops, boycotted foreign clothes, resigned from government jobs violated forest laws.

Question 22.
Describe the spread of Non-cooperation Movement in the country side.
Answer:
Refer to answer 15

Question 23.
Describe any three major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh in the days of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
Major problems faced by the peasants of Awadh were:

• The landlords and talukdars of Awadh demanded exorbitantly high land rent and a number of other cesses from the peasants.
• The peasants were compelled to do begar, that is, they had to work at landlord’s farm without payment.
• As tenants, the peasants had no security of tenure and were often evicted from their land, they could not acquire any right over the leased land.

Question 24.
How could non-cooperation become a movement? Give your opinion.
Answer:
Non-cooperation became a movement in the following ways.

• The idea of non-cooperation was first introduced by Gandhiji in his book Hind Swaraj, where he declared that since the British had establised their rule in India with the cooperation of the Indians, it would collapse only when the cooperation was withdrawn.
• Initially non-cooperation was to start in stages with the surrender of British honours and titles, boycott of British offices, institutions and foreign goods followed by civil disobedience campaign. Finally at Nagpur session of Congress in 1920, the programme of Non-Cooperation was adopted.
• In case the government used repressive methods, a full scale Civil Disobedience campaign would then be launched.
• At the same time Gandhiji and Shaukat Ali began touring and mobilising support for the movement.

Question 25.
How did the industrialists relate to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Analyse their role.
Answer:

• During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists made huge profits and emerged as a powerful section. They opposed colonial policies that restricted business activities because they wanted to expand their business.
• They formed Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
• They supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was launched and attacked colonial control over the Indian economy.
• They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. Most businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints
• Eminent businessmen like Purshotamdas, Thakurdas and GD Birla also came in support of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Question 26.
Explain the circumstances which compelled Mahatma Gandhi to call off the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1930.
Answer:
Refer to answer 19

Question 27.
How did women participate in Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer:
One of the most important features of the Civil Disobedience Movement was the large-scale participation of women. They participated in the movement in the following ways.

• During Gandhiji’s salt satyagraha, thousands of women came out of their homes and engaged themselves in various activities.
• They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and picketed shops selling foreign goods, liquor, etc.
• Many of them were arrested and went to jail.
• In urban areas, women from high-caste families whereas in rural areas women from the rich peasant households, inspired by Gandhiji’s call, regarded service to the nation as a sacred duty.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 29.
Explain any five major problems posed by the First World War in India.
Answer:
Refer to answer 14

Question 30.
How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread in cities across the country? Explain its effects on the economic front.
Answer:

• The Non-Cooperation Movement started with middle-class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and colleges, the teachers resigned and the lawyers gave up their lucrative practices.
• The council elections were boycotted in most provinces. Shops selling foreign goods were picketed and foreign goods boycotted.
  The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were extensive.
• Boycotting of foreign goods, liquor and clothes hit the colonial economy.
  Value of foreign goods dropped. The import of foreign cloth dropped significantly between 1921 and 1922.
• At many places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade.
• As the movement spread, people began to discard imported clothes and started to wear khadi and other homemade clothes. This promoted Indian textile mills and the production of handloom went up

Question 31.
Describe the incident and impact of the Jallianwalla Bagh.
Answer:
On 13 April, a crowd of villagers gathered in an enclosed ground of Jallianwalla Bagh near Amritsar. These people came there to attend a fair and were unaware of the current political situation or about the martial law imposed by the military governor General Dyer. Dyer entered the ground, blocked the exit points and opened fire on the innocent crowd, killing hundreds. This incident is referred to as the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre. General Dyer declared that his main aim was to produce a moral effect and to create a feeling of terror and awe in the mind of the satyagrahis.This incident proved to be a turning point in the Indian national movement. As the news of Jallianwalla Bagh massacre spread, crowds took to streets in many towns in North India. There were strikes and clashes with police and attacks on government buildings.The government responded with brutal repression. Innocent people were humiliated and terrorised. People were flogged and villages were burnt for no reason. The national leaders were shocked at this inhumane treatment with fellow Indians and pledged to protest.Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Movements were started after a few months. The main aim of these movements was to protest against Jallianwalla Bagh incident and demand swaraj.

Question 32.
Describe the developments which led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
The developments that led to the launching of Non-Cooperation Movements were as follows.

• In 1916, Gandhiji travelled to Champaran in Bihar to inspire peasants to struggle against the oppressive plantation system.
• In 1917, he organised satyagraha to support the peasants of Kheda in Gujarat.
• In 1918, he organised satyagraha for cotton mill workers in Ahmedabad.
• In 1919, nationwide satyagraha was launched against Rowlatt Act.
• Passing of the Rowlatt Act leading to unrest among Indians and arrest of prominent leaders made Gandhiji launch the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Question 33.
Describe the significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom Struggle of India.
Answer:
The Civil Disobedience Movement was unique and significant in many ways.

• Unlike the Non-Cooperation Movement, the satyagrahis in the movement broke various colonial laws.
• This was a more successful and widespread mass movement. Thousands of people in different parts of the country broke salt law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government offices and factories.
• The peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. Officials in villages resigned and forest people violated forest laws.
• In this movement, the satyagrahis displayed immense courage and sincerity. Despite the oppression of colonial government, they did not resort to violence and bravely courted arrests. All Congress leaders were arrested but this could not break the morale of the people.
• Another significant feature of the movement was the increased participation of women. Thousands of women came out of their comfortable life at home to participate in the mass movement. They demonstrated courage and determination, broke salt laws and manufactured salt, picketed shops selling foreign goods and organised various other activities.In the Civil Disobedience Movement, the business and industrial class also supported the national leaders by financial assistance and participated in Khadi movement.

2014

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 34.
Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
Answer:

• Satyagraha emphasised on the power of truth and the need to search for ‘ truth.
• It was a novel method of protesting through mass agitation, without the use of force, the oppressor could be persuaded to see the truth and it will ultimately triumph.
• It suggested that in a struggle against injustice, if the cause is right, there was no need for aggression or physical force. Victory could be won by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

Question 35.
Describe any three suppressive measures taken by the British administration to clamp down on nationalists.
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience movement against the Rowlatt Act which would start with a hartal on 6 April.Alarmed by the popular upsurge, the British administration decided to clamp down on nationalists.

• Local leaders were picked up from Amritsar.
• Gandhiji was barred from entering Delhi.
• On 10 April, the police in Amritsar opened fire upon a peaceful procession which led to widespread attack on banks, post offices and railway stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.

Question 36.
Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919. Explain.
Answer:
Refer to answer 7

Question 37.
Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.
Answer:
The main features of the ‘Salt March’ were:

• Gandhiji started the historic Dandi March (Salt March) from Sabarmati Ashram, (Ahmedabad) accompanied by 78 trusted volunteers.
• The distance from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a coastal town on the coast of Gujarat was 240 miles.
• The volunteers walked for 24 days, 10 miles a days.
• Thousands of people came to hear Gandhiji. The explained the meaning of Swaraj to them.
• On 6th April, he reached Dandi, violated the salt law and manufactured salt by boiling sea water.

Question 38.
Why did the Non-Cooperation movement slow down in the cities? Explain.
Answer:
Refer to answer 18

Question 39.
Describe the role of merchants and industrialists in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
Refer to answer 25

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 40.
How could non-cooperation become a movement? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Most of the movements are issue-specific movements that seek to achieve a single objective within a limited time frame. The main issue was to support Khilafat, as well as swaraj.Gandhiji proposed that the movement should start in stages. It should begin with the surrender of titles, boycott of civil services, army, police courts and legislative councils, schools and foreign goods.The Non-cooperation Khilafat Movement began in January 1921. The movement started with middle class participation in the cities. Thousands of students left schools and colleges, lawyers gave up their practice. Council elections were boycotted in most provinces.Non-Cooperation had all the characteristics of a movement.

• It had a specific issue i.e. it was started in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.
• It could not achieve its direct objective. However, it was very successful on the economic front. The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921-1922 and its value dropped from ? 102 crore to ? 57 crore.
• It was short lived. Gandhiji called a halt to the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri-Chaura incident when police station was set on fire in 1922.
• Non-Cooperation also had a clear cut leadership. It was organised under the leadership of Gandhiji.

Question 41.
How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Refer to answer 12

Question 42.
Explain with examples the role of industrialists in the freedom struggle of India.
Answer:
Refer to answer 25

Question 43.
How did different social groups conceive the idea of Non-cooperation? Explain with examples.
Answer:

• In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra, a sanyasi who had earlier been to Fiji as indentured labourer. Here, the movement was against talukdars and landlords who demanded very high rents, and cesses from the peasants. They had to perform begar in landlords farms. They had no right over leased land. When the Non-Cooperation Movement started, the houses of talukdars and landlords were looted. In many place local leaders told the peasants that Gandhiji had said no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the peasants.
• Tribal peasants of Andhra Pradesh interpreted the message of Gandhiji in a different way. They were led by Alluri Sitaram Raju. The government had closed large forest areas, preventing the tribals from entering forest to gaze their cattle. They were dependent on forests for food, fuel and trails. The militant movement had begun to resist repressive measures of the colonisers. The tribals became violent and attacked police stations.
• For plantation workers in Assam, Swaraj had a very different notion. For them freedom meant to move in and out of the confined place. The workers believed that Gandhi raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their village. So, they defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home.

Question 44.
How did people belonging to different communities, regions or languages develop a sense of collective belonging? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Refer to answer 9

Question 45.
Explain the impact of Jallianwallah Bagh incident on the people.
Answer:

• As the news of the Jallianwallah Bagh spread, the crowds took to streets in many towns of North India.
• There were strikes, clashes with the police and attack on government buildings.
• The government reciprocated with brutal repression to terrorise the people.
• Satyagrihis were forced to rub their noses on the ground, crawl on the streets and do salaam to all officers.
• People were flogged and villages around Gujranwala in Punjab (now in Pakistan) were bombed.

Question 46.
Explain the effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front.
Answer:
The effects of the Non-cooperation Movement on the economic front were

• The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922 and its value dropped from 102 crores to 57 crores.
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
• In many places traders and merchants refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign goods.
• As the boycott movement spread people refused to wear imported clothes and wore only Indian ones.
• Production of Indian textiles and handlooms went up.

Question 47.
How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Refer to answer 12

Question 48.
How did peasants of Awadh used different methods to achieve their goal? Explain.
Answer:
The peasants of Awadh were led by Baba Ramchandra. The following methods were used to achieve their goals:

• They raised their demand for reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and security of land tenure. They took to social boycott of oppressive landlords.
• In many places, the panchayats organised nai-dhobi bands to deprive the landlords of basic services of barber and washermen.
• Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up with more than 300 branches in the villages around Awadh.

2013

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 49.
How had the First World War created a new economic situation in India? Explain with three examples.
Answer:
Refer to answer 14

Question 50.
How was Rowlatt Act opposed by the people in India? Explain with examples.
Answer:
The Rowlatt Act was opposed by Indians in the following ways:

• A non-violent civil disobedience against the unjust law began.
• There were hartals and rallies organised in the whole of the country.
• Workers in the railway workshops went on strike.
• Shops were closed down in protest.

Question 51.
‘Some of the Muslim political organizations in India, were lukewarm in their response to ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Answer:
When Gandhiji called the Civil Disobedience Movement, Muslims were lukewarm in their response due to

• The disappointment with Non-Cooperation Movement and how it ended without any concrete outcome.
• The Congress had become visibly associated with the Hindu nationalist groups like the Hindu Mahasabha, making large sections of Muslims feel alienated.
• The relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened as each community began organising religious processions.
• In 1927 the Congress and Muslim League tried to negotiate a compromise, but some important differences remained unsolved.
• Muslim leaders were concerned about the minority status of Muslims in India. Negotiations over the question of representation continued but all hopes of resolving the issue at the All Party Conference disappeared, when Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts at compromise.So when Civil Disobedience began, there was an atmosphere of distrust and suspicion among the communities and Muslim response was lukewarm.

Question 52.
‘Nationalism spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same nation.’ Justify the statement.
Answer:
The three attributes of a nation, according to Renan are:

• A nation is formed when there is a long past of sacrifices and devotion.
• A national ideas comes into existence when there is a heroic past, glory and great men. It is the foundation of nation building.
• The people should have the will to work together for a common goal. All these factors give rise to nationalism because people feel they are part of a same nation.

Question 53.
Explain any three measures taken by the British administration to repress the movement started against the Rowlatt Act.
Answer:
Following were the measures taken by the British administration to repress the movement started against the Rowlatt Act:

• Alarmed by the popular upsurge, British decided to clamp down on nationalists.
• Local leaders were arrested and Gandhiji was baned from entering Delhi.
• There were firing on peaceful procession.
• Seeing the situation out of control, Martial law was imposed, (any three)

Question 54.
Which were the two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31 January 1930? Why was the abolition of ‘salt tax’ most stirring demand? Explain.
Answer:
On 31 January 1930, Gandhiji wrote a letter to Lord Irwin, stating eleven demands. Some of the demands were of general nature, others were more specific demands from industrialists to peasants. They were wide ranging demands, so that all classes could identify with them and they could be brought under the common campaign. The most stirring demand was to abolish salt tax. Salt is item of food, consumed by all sections of the society. It is one of the most essential food item. The tax on salt and government monopoly over its production, showed the most oppressive face of British rule.

Question 55.
Explain any three reasons for the slow down of Non-Cooperation Movement in Cities.
Answer:
Refer to answer 18

Question 56.
Explain the effects of ‘worldwide economic depression’ on India, towards late 1920s.
Answer:
The effects of worldwide economic depression were:

• There was a fall in agricultural prices from 1926 and it collapsed after 1930.
• As the demand for agricultural goods fall and exports declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvest and pay the revenue.
• In the countryside, rich peasant communities were the producers of commercial crops. They were hard hit by trade depression and falling prices. By 1930, the countryside was in turmoil.

Question 57.
Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
Refer to answer 7

Question 58.
Why did Gandhiji relaunch the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
Refer to answer 11

Question 59.
How did the people support the Civil Disobedience Movement as it spread in different parts of the country? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Refer to answer 12

Question 60.
How did colonial government react as the Civil Disobedience Movement spread in the country? Explain any three points.
Answer:
The colonial government reacted to the spread of Civil Disobedience Movement in the following ways:

• Prominent Congress leaders such as Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Gandhiji began to be arrested.
• The government used the policy of brutal repression to clamp down the demonstrators.
• Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and lakhs of people were arrested.

Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks]

Question 61.
‘Dalit participation was limited in the Civil Disobedience Movement’. Examine the statement.
Answer:

• Dalit participation was limited in Civil Disobedience Movement because the Congress did not want to offend to ‘Sanatanis’ the upper caste Hindus by including the Dalits.
• The dalits believed that political empowerment would solve all the problems , of their social disabilities.
• Many dalit leaders were keen on a different political solution to their problems. They organised themselves and demanded reserved seats in educational institutions and separate electorate that would choose dalit members for councils.
• Ambedkar had clashed with Gandhiji at Second Round Table Conference for demanding separate electorate for dalits. Gandhiji viewed this as slowing down the process of unity and their integration into society.
• The dalits continued to be apprehensive of Congress led movements because it was dominated by conservative high class Hindus.So the dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was limited, particularly in Maharashtra and Nagpur region where their organisation was strong.

Question 62.
Why did Gandhiji start the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’? Explain any four features of Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement. On 31 January 1930, he sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin, stating eleven demands. The most stirring demand was to abolish salt tax. Salt is the commodity consumed by all, both rich and poor. It is one of the most essential item of food. The tax on salt and its monopoly over production revealed the oppressive face of British government. MahatmaGandhi started his historic march from Sabarmati Ashram. On 6 April, he reached Dandi and violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water,This was the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.Main features of the Civil Disobedience Movement are:

• First successful mass movement.
• People from all sections participated in the Movement.
• Women for the first time left their homes and joined the movement.
• For the first time the movement was launched with the goal of Purna Swaraj.

2012

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 64.
Why did Non-cooperation movement gradually slow down in the cities? Give three reasons.
Answer:
Refer to answer 18

Question 65.
Explain the circumstances under which Gandhiji decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1931.
Answer:
Refer to answer 10

Question 66.
How was history re-interpreted in creating a feeling of nationalism? Explain with examples.
Answer:
By the end of the 19th century, many Indian felt that people should take pride in their glorious past and started re-interpreting history.

• The British saw Indians as backward and primitive people incapable of governing themselves. The Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements.
• In India, during ancient times there was an all round development in mathematics and science, in art and architecture, religion and philosophy, culture and law. Trade with other countries flourished during ancient times.
• The glorious time was followed by period of decline when India was colonised.

Long Answer Type Questions [4\5 Marks]

Question 67.
How did the people and the colonial government react to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain.
Answer:
The people reacted differently to the Civil Disobedience Movement.

• Thousands of people broke colonial laws and salt laws, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government owned salt factories.
• Foreign cloth was boycotted, liquor shops were picketed. Peasants refused to pay taxes, revenue and chowkidari taxes. In many places people violated forest laws, going into reserved forests to collect wood and graze cattle.
• In Peshwar, the angry crowd demonstrated in streets, facing armoured cars and police firing.
• The colonial government reacted ruthlessly. Worked by the popularity of the movement, the government arrested eminent leaders. It led to violent clashes.
• Peaceful satyagrahis were arrested, people were beaten and 1,00,000 were arrested. Congress was declared illegal. Gandhiji signed the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference in London.

Question 68.
How did the Non-cooperation Movement start in cities? Explain its economic effects.
Answer:
Refer to answer 30

Question 69.
How did Non-cooperation movement spread to the countryside? Explain any four points.
Answer:
Refer to answer 15

Question 70.
Explain the reactions of the Indian people against the Rowlatt Act passed through the Imperial Legislative Council in 1919.
Answer:
The Rowlatt Act gave enormous powers to the government to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

• Indians reacted against this unreasonable act, Gandhiji wanted a non-violent civil disobedience against the unjust law and decided to start a hartal on 6th April 1919.
• Rallies were organised in various cities.
• People organised hartals all over the country in protest of the Rowlatt Act and the shops were shut down.
• Workers went on strike in railway workshops.

Question 71.
Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju? Explain his role in inspiring the rebels with Gandhiji’s ideas.
Answer:
Alluri Sitaram Raju led the peasant rebellion in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh. He became popular because he claimed that he had special powers of astrological predictions and the power to heal people. He could survive bullet shots.In Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, a militant guerrilla movement spread in early 1920s. The main aim of the movement was to protest against colonial laws. The government had closed forest areas for grazing of cattle and collection of firewood or fruits. Government compelled them to work free for road building (begar).The people revolted under Alluri Sitaram Raju. He spoke about the greatness of Gandhiji and he was inspired by Non-Cooperation Movement. The people were persuaded to wear Khadi and give up drinking alcohol. He believed India will become independent by force and not by non-violence. The Gudem rebels attacked police stations and attempted to kill British officials.

Question 72.
Describe the actions taken by the British administration against the nationalists who opposed the Act.
Answer:
The following steps were taken by British administration against the nationalists who opposed the Act.

• The British administrators decided to clamp down upon the nationalists because they feared that lines of communication such as railways and telegraphs would be disrupted. They adopted the following methods.
• Local leaders were picked from Amritsar.
• Mahatma Gandhi was barred from entering Delhi.
• On 10 April police fired upon peaceful, procession which led to widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railways stations.
• Martial law was imposed. General Dyer took charge in Amritsar.

Question 73.
Explain the role played by tribal peasants in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh during the Non Cooperation Movement.
Answer:
The tribal peasants of Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh understood the message of Gandhiji and idea of Swaraj in a different way.In Gudem Hills, as in other parts, the tribal peasants were prevented from entering the forest areas, to graze their cattle or to collect fuelwood and fruits. They were also forced to do begar. A militant guerrilla movement had spread in the 1920s.The tribal peasants were deprived of their livelihood and their traditional rights were denied.The person who led them was Alluri Sitaram Raju. He was inspired by Gandhiji, persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. He also believed India will become free with the use of force and not non-violence. People attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried out guerrilla warfare.

Question 74.
Examine the role of industrial working class in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:

• When the Civil Disobedience Movement started, the industrial working class did not participate in large number except in the Nagpur region.
• As the industrialists gave financial assistance and came closer to the Congress, . the workers did not participate in large number.
• Some workers did participate in the movement. They boycotted foreign goods. They asked for higher wages and better working conditions. They participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns in Chotanagpur region.
• Gandhiji did not support the demands of industrial workers as it would have alienated the business classes.
• Gandhiji was reluctant to support the industrial working class as it would have divided the anti-imperialist forces.

Question 75.
Explain the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
Refer to answer 27

2011

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 76.
Explain any three facts about the new economic situation created in India by the First World War.
Answer:
Refer to answer 14

Question 77.
How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India? Explain.
Answer:
Refer to answer 9

Question 78.
Explain any three problems faced by the peasants of Awadh.
Answer:
Refer to answer 23

Question 79.
Explain any three reasons for the lukewarm response of some Muslim organizations to the Civil Disobedience Movement.
Answer:
Refer to answer 51

Question 80.
Explain any three effects of the Non-Cooperation Movement on the economy of India.
Answer:
Refer to answer 46

Question 81.
Why did the industrialists participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
Refer to answer 25

Question 82.
How did Gandhiji try to integrate the Depressed Classes into society? Explain any three points.
Answer:
Gandhiji tried to integrate the Depressed Classes into society in the following ways:

• He organised Satyagraha to secure entry into temples for them and access to public wells, tanks, roads and schools.
• He himself cleaned toilets to dignify the work of the untouchables.
• He persuaded the upper classes to change their attitude towards the depressed classes and give up untouchability.
• When the British conceded to demand of Dr BR Ambedkar to have separate electorates for the depressed classes, Gandhiji went on a fast unto death as he believed that a separate electorate for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.

Question 83.
How did BR Ambedkar try to improve the conditions of the Depressed Classes? Explain any three points.
Answer:
BR Ambedkar tried to improve the conditions of the Depressed Classes in the following ways:

• In 1930, Dr. BR Ambedkar organised the Dalits (the untouchables) into an organisation called the Depressed Classes Association, now known as scheduled caste.
• His ideas regarding depressed class deferred from that of Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted separate electorates for Dalits.
• Whilst at Round Table Conference in London he demanded separate electorates for Dalits and the British coloniser conceded his demand. This caused Mahatma Gandhi to fast unto the death because he believed that separate electorate for the Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into the main society.
• He signed the Poona Pact with Gandhi ji and the Congress giving the opportunities to depressed to secure reserved seat for Dalits in the provincial and Central Legislative Council to be voted in general election.

Question 84.
Explain any three causes that led the tribals to revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.
Answer:
The tribal peasants of Gudem Hill in Andhra Pradesh fought for swaraj and revolted against the British. The following were the causes that led the tribals to the revolt in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh:

• The colonial government had closed large forest areas preventing the tribals from entering the forest to graze their cattle and felt that their traditional rights were being taken away.
• The tribal who were strongly dependent on the forests for food, fruits and fuel were prevented to carry out these activities affecting their livelihood which enraged them.
• The government was forcing the peasants of the Gudem Hill’to carry out begar (unpaid work) for the building of roads.
• A militant movement had begun to resist the repressive measures of the colonisers.The tribals here became violent and attacked police station and attempted to kill the British.

Long Answer Type Questions [4\5 Marks]

Question 85.
Explain four points about Gandhiji’s idea of ‘satyagraha’.
Answer:
Gandhiji had carried out successful satyagraha in South Africa against the racist regime.

• According to him satyagraha was not a passive resistance but it called for intensive activity.
• It suggested that if the struggle was against injustice, physical force is not necessary to fight the oppressor. Non-violence could also win the battle.
• Only through the power of truth and non-violence, an appeal was made to the conscience of the oppressor.
• Persuasion, not force, would make the oppressor realise the truth. This dharma of non-violence and truth united people against the oppressor and made them realise the truth.

Question 86.
Why did the rich peasants take part in the Civil Disobedience Movement? Give four reasons.
Answer:
Among the different social groups which participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement the rich peasants also had their ideals and perceptions of Swaraj which encouraged them to join the movement.

• Rich peasants like Patidars of Gujarat and Jats in Uttar Pradesh who were producers of commercial crops were hard hit by depression and falling prices.
• As their cash income reduced, they were unable to pay government revenue.
• The government refused to reduce revenue.So, the rich peasants became enthusiastic supporter of the Civil Disobedience Movement to free themselves from the situation.

2010

Short Answer Type Questions [3 Marks]

Question 87.
Analyze the role of merchants and industrialists in the Civil pisobedience Movement.
Answer:
Refer to answer 25

Question 88.
Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
Refer to answer 7

Question 89.
How did the peasants who gathered around Nehru near Rae Bareli behave when he addressed them? Explain what Nehru meant when he said, “I needed the lesson more than they.”
Answer:
The peasants gathered around Nehru were calm and peaceful to hear him address them.Nehru meant to say that inspite of brutal and displeased behavior of police, the peasants remained peaceful. On the other hand he had forgotten nonviolence totally at that moment and he was very agitated and disturbed. The peasants taught him a lesson that he was supposed to have being their leader.

Question 90.
“A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence.” Explain with examples.
Answer:
A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence. This statement emphasises the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause is true, if the struggle is against injustice, then physical force is not necessary to fight against the oppressor. Without being aggressive a satyagrahi could win the battle. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressors instead of forcing them to accept truth through the use of violence.

Question 91.
Who was the President of the Congress when the decision was taken to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day?Why must India sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj? Explain briefly.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru was the President of the Congress when the decision was taken to celebrate 26 January 1930 as Independence Day.India must sever the British connection because the British deprived Indians of their rights and oppressed and exploited them and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually to the fullest.

Question 92.
How did the Non-Cooperation spread to the countryside? Explain.
Answer:
Refer to answer 15

Question 93.
How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Refer to answer 9

Nationalism in India Class 10 Map Questions

Question 94.
94. Some features are marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify them with the help of the following information and write their correct names.

1. The place where the Indian National Congress session was held in 1927.
   The place associated with peasants’ Satyagraha
   Or
   The place where peasants struggled against the indigo plantation system.
   Or
   The place where the ‘Movement of Indigo planters’ was started.
2. The city associated with the Jallianwala Bagh incident.
3. The place where cotton mill workers organised Satyagraha in 1918.
   Or
   Name the place related to the Satyagraha of peasants in Gujarat.
4. The place related to the calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement.
5. The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held.
   Or
   The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in September 1920.
6. The place where the Indian National Congress Session was held in 1920.
7. The place where peasants organized a Satyagraha
   Or
   The place where ‘No Tax Campaign’ was started.
8. The place where the Civil Disobedience Movement was started.

Answer:

1. Madras (Now Chennai)
2. Champaran (Bihar)
3. Amritsar
4. Ahmedabad
5. Chauri-Chaura (UP)
6. Calcutta (Kolkata)
7. Nagpur
8. Bardoli
9. Sabarmati Ashram (Gujarat)

Question 95.
Locate and label the following with appropriate symbols on the given outline map of India.

1. Champaran-The place, from where the movement of Indigo planters was Started.
2. Bardoli-The place from where ‘No Tax Campaign’ was started.
3. Chauri-Chaura-The place of calling off Non-Cooperation Movement.
4. Amritsar-The place where Jallian wala Bagh incident took place.
5. Kheda-The place where the peasants Satyagraha was held.
6. Madras-The place where, the Indian National Congress Session of 1927 was held.

Answer: